All Souls’ Day brings together many crucial themes of Christian theology

As we put together a Mass schedule for the St. Gregory Foundation for Latin Liturgy for years, our members repeatedly asked that we always include All Souls’ Day among the observances. That request has always mildly amused me, causing me to wonder about why Catholics have such a fondness for this day. Are they morbid? Are they sadistic? Are they masochistic?

My reflections have led me to the conclusion that none of those notions provides a fitting explanation; rather, it is that Catholics are genuine realists, with an essentially hopeful and joyful streak in them. So, Purgatory has something to do with hope and joy, you ask? By all means.

Allow me to begin by sharing with you three stories about Purgatory and Protestants:

• Several years ago, when Jimmy Swaggart and I were theological pen pals [before his fall from grace, which we need to explain if salvation is assured once one is justified by faith alone – but that’s a topic for another moment], he and I got onto the topic of Purgatory and prayers for the dead. I pointed out the classic text in the Second Book of Maccabees, to which he retorted, “That’s in your Bible, not mine!” To which, I responded, “That’s right, and my Bible is the one the Apostles and other writers of the New Testament used!” Unfazed, he assured me that if he lived to be a hundred, he could never accept the doctrine of Purgatory. A bit tongue-in-cheek, I responded, “Brother Swaggart, on your deathbed, you’ll be praying there is a Purgatory!” I’m not sure if he ever got it.

• At about the same time, I was party to a conversation with the great Dr. James McCord, long-time president of Princeton Theological Seminary. Another priest asked him about Protestants and the doctrine of Purgatory. Somewhat glibly, he replied, “Father, our reformed theology tells us there is no Purgatory, but I can assure you every Protestant I know prays for his deceased relatives and friends.”

• John Henry Cardinal Newman, at the age of fifteen, embarked on a decades-long journey, in the words of his motto, ex imaginibus et umbris in veritatem [from images and shadows into the truth]. For many years on his theological sojourn, Newman stood by the teaching of the 39 Articles of Religion of the Anglican Communion, including the one which describes Purgatory as a “pernicious” doctrine. With much prayer, intense study of the whole thrust of Sacred Scripture, as well as the convincing witness of the Fathers of the Church, he ended up writing one of the finest works on Purgatory, “The Dream of Gerontius,” which rivals the depth and beauty of Dante’s appreciation of Purgatory in his Divina Commedia; perhaps this work is best known through the lovely hymn, “Praise to the Holiest,” which it contains (quoted by Pope Benedict XVI in his beatification homily). These three vignettes are fairly typical of where most Protestants are on the theological radar screen regarding Purgatory: Those who hold and live their opposition; those who maintain one position in their heads and a different one in their hearts; those who come to a completely opposite stance, sometimes after years of study and prayerful reflection.

It seems to me that the Church’s intuition on all this is eminently reasonable and squares perfectly with both Christian Revelation and the practice of Judaism at Our Lord’s time and right up to present-day Judaism. Our explanations of it all, however, have often been less than adequate and even quite wrong at times as some priests and teachers so thoroughly equated Purgatory with Hell that the only difference seemed to be the duration of the stay. The Catechism of the Catholic Church seeks to address such a misconception by reminding us that “this final purification of the elect . . . is entirely different from the punishment of the damned” and that these souls “are indeed assured of their eternal salvation” [1031; 1030].

The souls in Purgatory, then, are part of God’s elect, and that realization changes the whole picture in a most substantive way. The great fifteenth-century mystic St. Catherine of Genoa, in her treatise on Purgatory, sought to clarify things by describing the fire of Purgatory as God’s love burning the soul to the extent that it had not yet succeeded during the person’s earthly existence, with the result that now in death that divine flame would wholly inflame the soul. So, is there punishment in that state? Yes, to be sure, but a punishment one gladly endures and even embraces.

Perhaps the finest explication of the Church’s teaching on this topic was done in a rather fanciful manner by the great convert-Cardinal, John Henry Newman, as I have already noted. Let me rehearse the “plot” of his lengthy poem.

A soul is in its last agony and is trying to make sense of his final moments, assisted by his Guardian Angel. The dying man cannot understand why he has become so calm in the face of this previously dreaded experience; the Angel tells him that the prayers of the priest and his friends who surround him have given him confidence and, beyond that, that the “calm and joy uprising in thy soul is first-fruit to thee of thy recompense, and Heaven begun.” The man gradually slips further and further and becomes concerned about the loss of his senses; the Angel comforts him: “. . . till that Beatific Vision, thou art blind; for e’en thy Purgatory, which comes like fire, is fire without its light.” The soul is buoyed up by that knowledge and conforms his will to God’s, asking but to see the Face of God for no more than a moment before embarking on his process of purification. The Angel declares that he shall, in fact, see God for just such a twinkling of an eye but warns him: “That sight of the Most Fair will gladden thee, but it will pierce thee too.” This soul will now “learn that the flame of Everlasting Love doth burn ’ere it transform.” He is now ready to face the Lord in judgment, the sight of whom “will kindle in thy heart all tender, gracious, reverential thoughts.”

And what might such thoughts be? Best to allow the poetic genius of Newman to speak directly for, as he knew, cor ad cor loquitur (his cardinalatial motto, Heart speaks to heart):

Thou wilt be sick with love, and yearns for Him
And feel as though thou couldst but pity Him,
That one so sweet should e’er have placed Himself
At disadvantage such, as to be used
So vilely by a being so vile as thee.
There is a pleading in His pensive eyes
Will pierce thee to the quick, and trouble thee.
And thou wilt hate and loathe thyself; for, though
Now sinless, thou wilt feel that thou hast sinn’d,
As never thou didst feel; and wilt desire
To slink away, and hide thee from His sight:
And yet wilt have a longing aye to dwell
Within the beauty of His countenance.
And these two pains, so counter and so keen, –
The longing for Him, when thou seest Him not;
The shame of self at thought of seeing Him, –
Will be thy veriest, sharpest Purgatory.

And as the man proceeds to the divine tribunal, he is astonished to hear earthly voices; once more, he is reminded that he hears the priest and his friends praying the Subvenite on his behalf, bringing now the same Angel of the Agony who strengthened Christ in His final hours to do the same for this poor soul, escorting him into eternity. Once there, this would-be lover of God “flies to the dear feet of Emmanuel” but never fully makes it because the sanctity of the All-Holy One scorches and shrivels the soul into passivity “before the awful Throne.”

And yet, the Angel can exclaim: “O happy, suffering soul! For it is safe, consumed, yet quicken’d, by the glance of God.” And the soul agrees; he is, paradoxically, “happy in my pain” and even wants to leave the presence of God immediately, so as to hasten the day when he can return for the full and lasting experience, desiring to rush forth to what the Angel terms “the golden prison” of Purgatory. The man confidently asserts: “There will I sing my absent Lord and Love: – Take me away, that sooner I may rise, and go above, and see Him in the truth of everlasting day.”

And so, the soul’s Angel complies with those holy wishes. Let’s listen to how Newman ends this magnificent work, which is at once imaginative and theological, realistic and poetic, as he gives God’s messenger the final say:

Softly and gently, dearly-ransom’d soul,
In my most loving arms I now enfold thee,
And, o’er the penal waters, as they roll,
I poise thee, and I lower thee, and hold thee.

And carefully I dip thee in the lake,
And thou, without a sob or a resistance,
Dost through the flood thy rapid passage take,
Sinking deep, deeper, into the dim distance.

Angels, to whom the willing task is given.
Shall tend, and nurse, and lull thee, as thou liest;
And Masses on the earth, and prayers in Heaven,
Shall aid thee at the Throne of the Most Highest.

Farewell, but not for ever! Brother dear,
Be brave and patient on thy bed of sorrow;
Swiftly shall pass thy night of trial here,
And I will come and wake thee on the morrow.

All Souls’ Day, then, brings together many crucial themes of Christian theology: divine justice and mercy; human responsibility and dignity; solidarity in prayer and suffering; life now viewed from the perspective of eternity, in a Church and a Lord which gather us up into that Mystical Body of His, truly a communion of saints whose bonds are not broken by death but actually fortified. And so, who among us could not be hopeful and joyful before such great and consoling truths? And the sobriety of the day’s liturgy is like the instant of Purgatory itself – a fitting prelude to the glory of a thousand times a thousand years of possessing Love and being possessed by Him forever.

Yes, Lord, we pray today for all who love and yearn for Your purifying love; make them – and us – to be cum sanctis tuis in aeternum, quia pius es (With thy saints forever, for Thou art merciful)!

Let’s allow Cardinal Newman to have the last word by having recourse to two of his more beautiful prayers:

May He support us all the day long, till the shadows lengthen, and the evening comes, and the busy world is hushed, and the fever of life is over, and our work is done. Then in His mercy, may He give us a safe lodging, and a holy rest, and peace at the last.

Oh, my Lord and Saviour, support me in that hour in the strong arms of Thy Sacraments, and by the fresh fragrance of Thy consolations. Let the absolving words be said over me, and the holy oil sign and seal me, and Thy own Body be my food, and Thy Blood my sprinkling; and let my sweet Mother, Mary, breathe on me, and my Angel whisper peace to me, and my glorious Saints … smile upon me; that in them all, and through them all, I may receive the gift of perseverance, and die, as I desire to live, in Thy faith, in Thy Church, in Thy service, and in Thy love. Amen.