Rome, Italy, Mar 15, 2017 / 02:50 am (CNA/EWTN News).- When reports came out recently about Pope Francis’ decision to modify the penalties for several priests found guilty of abusing minors, the question arose as to whether the Pope was being too merciful in his decision.
Another concern was whether priests found guilty of abuse of minors would continue to be dismissed from the clerical state, or “laicized.”
To address these issues and clear up some of the grey area on this topic, CNA spoke with a canonist, Fr. Damián Astigueta, SJ.
A professor at the Pontifical Gregorian University with a specialty in criminal proceedings, Fr. Astigueta offered insights on what dismissal from the clerical state is, why the Church doesn’t always choose to dismiss from the clerical state priests who are guilty of abuse, what those condemned to a life of prayer and penance actually do, the role of bishops in abuse cases, the lessening of sentences, and more.
What is dismissal from the clerical state?
While frequently used in the media, the term “laicization” doesn’t really exist anymore among canonists, Fr. Astigueta said, and has been widely replaced by the term “loss of the clerical state.”
When a priest loses his clerical state, either because he requested it or because it was taken from him, he is “‘dismissed from the clerical state,’ because this is a juridical status,” Fr. Astigueta explained.
“He remains in a situation judicially as if they were a layperson. This is where the term ‘laicization’ comes from.”
He clarified that when this happens, it doesn’t mean that a priest is no longer a priest: “the sacrament of Holy Orders isn’t lost; it imprints an ontological sign on the being of the priest that can never be lost.”
What happens instead is that exercising the rights proper to the clerical state are prohibited, such as saying Mass, hearing confessions, and administering the sacraments; as are the obligations, such as that of reciting the Liturgy of the Hours and obedience to their bishop.
However, since a man dismissed from the clerical state remains a priest, there are times at which the Church continues to oblige him to act as a priest.
For example, if he finds someone in danger of death who asks for the sacraments, even though he is no longer in a clerical state, he “must hear (the person’s) confession because the most important thing is the salvation of that person.”
Fr. Astigueta also emphasized the importance of not misinterpreting the process to mean a “reduction to the lay state.” This phrase is not correct, he stressed, since it inaccurately treats laity “in a derogatory way, as if they were lesser.”
Why not all priests guilty of abuse lose the clerical state
For Fr. Astigueta, the answer to the question of why not all priests found guilty of abuse are dismissed from the clerical state has two primary components: not all acts of abuse are the same in terms of severity, and the situation of the priest himself varies.
“Why doesn’t the Church dismiss from the clerical state all abusers? Because not all abuses are the same entity,” he said. Even civil law recognizes a difference in severity between pedophilia – which involves prepubescent children – and ephebophilia – which involves mid-to-late adolescents. In other cases, there may be the appearance of consent with an older teen, he said, which can further complicate the matter. The penalty assessed to the priest takes these factors into account, he added.
When it comes to priests who are found guilty of abuse, there are different types of punishments, including dismissal from the clerical state, or a life of “prayer and penance,” depending on the situation.
“There are certain cases in which dismissal would be the just punishment,” Fr. Astigueta said.
But there are also cases – even with several instances of serious abuse that have caused a lot of damage – when the Church decides against this dismissal, he said, pointing to Legion of Christ founder Fr. Marcial Maciel as an example.
Fr. Maciel was a person “who was proven to have committed a series of very serious crimes, a person who when one knows what he did truly realizes they are in front of a very disturbed person,” the priest said. “Can a disturbed person be punished with the maximum penalty?”
At times the Church prefers to use a different system, prohibiting the person from ministry, particularly in public. Instead, the person is isolated at home, dedicated to prayer “and nothing more.” This means no visits from people, at times not even friends or their congregation.
In the case of Fr. Maciel, even his funeral, for which he had saved enormous funds, was closed to the public.
“Is it a gilded prison? In a certain way, yes,” Fr. Astigueta said. However, he said the Church at times chooses this punishment, which is less strong, because at a certain point, “when I give a person a sanction that destroys them, it’s not a sanction, but revenge.”
Fr. Astigueta also spoke of the importance of mercy in the process, particularly when it comes to elderly priests and the Church’s own responsibility toward her members.
Even in a tragic case when a child has been abused, “the Church is still a mother, and mercy is used for the victims and the priest,” he said, noting that abusers often have serious psychological problems that require treatment.
If a priest chooses to renounce his clerical state, he is often inserted into society without a problem; but when it comes to those who have been dismissed, it can be a lot harder, Fr. Astigueta said, explaining that there is a canon (c. 1350 §2) establishing “that there exists a duty of charity toward them.”
This means “helping them and taking care of them in the measure that the person lets themselves be helped,” he said.
If an 80-year-old priest is dismissed from the clerical state, “where do we send him? Can he find work? He’ll end up living on the street as a homeless man. How long will he last? He won’t last anything,” he observed.
To put a man on the street in this circumstance, unless he has relatives ready to take him on, “is practically to kill him.”
Often, despite the harm done, something good in the person remains, he said, explaining that because of this, sometimes a more just penance is to let him “live with his conscience.” While a life of prayer and reflection might sound comfortable, Fr. Astigueta asked: “reflecting with whom? With your memories before God, with your regrets.”
He noted that in order to avoid pressure from the media in these cases, the Church “is obliged at times to punish, in my view, more seriously than it should.”
Offering help to victims and bringing about justice is always the Church’s top priority when it comes to clerical abuse, but concern must also be shown to the sinner, he said, explaining that if the Church were to immediately dismiss from the clerical state every abusive priest, it could cause more harm.
“Sometimes we find ourselves in situations that if these people are thrown out on the street, I am leaving a possible serial killer,” Fr. Astigueta said, referring to pedophiles. The Church, he said, must also take this into account.
Fr. Astigueta stressed that when it comes to mercy in abuse cases, it “never goes against justice,” and that the first act of mercy is “to tell the truth.”
Once the truth is known, the measure in which the offender can be sanctioned must be taken into account “in order to avoid that the penalty is a revenge,” because this helps no one.
“The pain of the victim is never cured with revenge; the only way to heal the victim’s pain is forgiveness offered freely,” he said, noting that “this can never be forced on anyone; but certainly neither can the spirit of revenge be forced.”
What a life of prayer and penance actually means
Many priests found guilty of abuse, instead of being dismissed from the clerical state, are instead sentenced to a life of “prayer and penance.”
But while the sentence is fairly common, among elderly priests in particular, what it actually involves is at times a bit obscure to the public eye, and it can seem like the priest is getting off easy despite committing heinous crimes.
Fr. Astigueta explained that on a practical level, “the person is isolated, sometimes more, sometimes less.”
Often “the person is isolated, possibly without having direct access to the telephone or the TV, and must dedicate himself to reading, praying and walking around inside the house.”
At times the person might even be barred from leaving the house without permission, under pain of incurring further punishments.
He pointed to the recent case of Luis Fernando Figari, a layman and founder of the Sodalitium Christianae Vitae, who was found guilty of an extreme, authoritarian style of leadership as well as several accounts of sexual, physical, and psychological abuse.
As a punishment, the Vatican didn’t expel Figari from the community, but ordered that he live alone, and barred him from any contact with the community’s members and from receiving people.
If a priest who receives this sentence doesn’t want to follow the rules, the Church in this case “can impose the full dismissal” from their clerical status, Fr. Astigueta said, noting that the majority of priests who choose to this life are people who “want to be helped and recognize that this penalty is a table of salvation for them.”
“It’s strong, yes, but at least I have something to eat and I can live my final years in peace,” Fr. Astigueta said, noting that in general it is elderly priests who end up in this situation, whereas younger ones with some sort of major mental health disorder are typically sent to a therapeutic communities.
At times they are able to celebrate Mass with others, but “always with the very clear ban that ‘from here, you cannot go away without permission.’”
The Church, Fr. Astigueta said, “is not a prison … it doesn’t have penitential system like a state, but someone must keep watch over those removed from ministry.”
And this implies “a very heavy duty for the Church, because who is the one that supervises? Who is responsible for him? It’s not so easy, it implies a lot of obligations.”
Fr. Astigueta also noted that there’s a different canonical process for lay founders such as Figari, versus priests who abuse.
“Technically speaking, the case of a layman doesn’t enter into the canon on abuses like the priests,” he said.
Clerics who commit sexual abuse are charged under a canon (c. 1395 §2) which criminalizes those offenses against the sixth commandment which are committed by force or threats or publicly or with a minor below the age of 16.
But when it comes to the laity specifically, “this lack in the code must be thought of,” because unfortunately “the times are those in which we can’t only think about priest founders, but of many laity who have a position in the Church … who can abuse minors,” such as school directors or professors.
In these cases, he said, the Church applies a canon (c. 1399) which covers the situation in which the criminal “goes against a divine or ecclesiastical law with harm or danger of grave scandal.”
Cases in which the victims are mentally disabled must also be taken into consideration, he said, as well as many other forms of abuse “that should be considered crimes,” and are in many states.
The role of the bishop in cases of abuse
When it comes to the responsibility of bishops in abuse cases, Fr. Astigueta said that while expectations might have been murky in the past, they are clear now, and require the bishop to act immediately.
“When the bishop is informed, when he receives the news that an abuse has been committed, he has the obligation, a serious obligation, to intervene.”
A bishop must first intervene on a judicial level, alerting civil authorities, but also on the pastoral level, he said, explaining that the process looks different for every nation.
On a pastoral level, bishops must from the start turn their immediate attention to the victims “in order to welcome them and to help them understand that we are not against them and we are looking for the truth,” he said.
After the initial investigation has begun, the bishop may, but is not obliged to, apply a “precautionary measure,” which is a type of disciplinary measure enforced in order to avoid “the process from being polluted.”
Giving a theoretical example, Fr. Astigueta said a priest might try to pressure a victim into retracting their statement, so the bishop could decide to “distance” the priest from the process. This choice might also be made in situations where there is risk of a serious scandal, he said.
Once a priest is found guilty, the bishop will have to carry out the sentence, and it may even be the bishop himself to enforce the decree of dismissal from the clerical state with the authority of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Fr. Astigueta explained.
Victims must be helped to live a “process of reconciliation, of accompaniment” and one in which they are made to feel that “they are part of the Church,” he said, but stressed that this is at a pastoral level, which must always remain separate from the judicial level.
Fr. Astigueta also spoke on cases of negligence on the part of a bishop, which Pope Francis in his 2016 motu proprio Come una madre amorevole established as grounds for removal from office.
The canon behind the rule (c. 1389 §2), the priest said, states that “A person who through culpable negligence illegitimately places or omits an act of ecclesiastical power, ministry, or function with harm to another is to be punished with a just penalty.”
The issue is also dealt with in a canon (c. 193 §1) which speaks of removal from office “for grave causes.” Removal from office, he explained, is “the act through which a person loses a series of rights which are part of an office.”
“So this person who was the bishop had rights and duties regarding the community. As he has not fulfilled them, this office is removed,” Fr. Astigueta said.
Removal in this sense can either be for disciplinary or penal reasons, Fr. Astigueta said, explaining that in the case of penal removal for negligence, the bishop is dismissed because “he didn’t act as he should have.”
While in the past bishops moved abusive priests around in part because they didn’t understand the severity of the problem, “today no one can say that they don’t know what abuse is and the magnitude of the problem.”
In cases of abuse, then, “it’s already so severe that there is no need for another cause, negligence is enough.” Part of this negligence, Fr. Astigueta explained, could be moving priests, not acting immediately, or letting time pass until more accusations arise: “Here we would have a case of negligence.”
Another instance, he said, would be failing to take precautionary measures against a priest accused of abuse, and it is later discovered that the priest had committed other abuses during that time. Other reasons for removal of office due to negligence could be that the bishop didn’t follow the protocol requested by the state.
He noted that there are a variety of situations, but “the Pope wanted to say that this negligence in itself so important because the damage to the other produced due to negligence, which is almost – even if it can’t be said in a clear way – an act of complicity due to negligence.”
Stronger punishment isn’t always the best way to prevent abuse
No matter the situation of the priest or the bishop, Fr. Astigueta stressed the importance of pursuing the just punishment given the particular situation, and warned against the temptation to immediately impose the maximum punishment – dismissal from the clerical state – on all cases.
To do so, he said, “would be an injustice, it would be a type of witch hunt, and this produces fugitives. If everyone is punished with the maximum, with this you resolve nothing.”
It’s a fact, he said, that all states which have attempted to toughen the penalties in order to prevent further crimes “have failed to do so.”
The only thing that actually makes the crimes diminish, he said, are preventative measures and “the consciousness of the people, the intervention of the people,” specifically through education.
“If the people within the Church were all to work so that there were a healthy environment, not one of suspicion, but healthy and prudent,” these delinquent act would diminish. “Not because the maximum penalty is applied.”
[…]
If they meet there will be no excommunication.
We draw conclusions from consistency. Consistency here a marked affinity between the most radically pro abortion, pro LGBT president, a rosary clutching moon eyed supposed Catholic, and a Pontiff who putatively is opposed to his agenda. Or is he? Not once did Pope Francis laud anything former president Trump accomplished in protecting religious rights, curtailing abortion, limitations on LGBT ‘rights’, more obtrusions than rights. Only sharp criticism of his border security policy, the wall, accusations by the Pontiff at least by implication of divisiveness, racial prejudice. Whereas Biden appears shiningly Catholic to Francis – if we gauge that by his lack of any criticism whatsoever of the president. Andrea Gagliarducci interjects, “Cardinal Blase Cupich of Chicago and other bishops recently sought to delay the discussion on Eucharistic coherence” likely for purpose of indicating a consistency, perhaps rapport between ‘two peas in a pod’, both in favor of delay, certainly the warning against criticism of the president, and the quintessential chicanery of insisting that primacy on any discussion remains with Ratzinger’s 2002 note on the canonical prudential judgment of the local ordinary. As if in the oddly formed consciences of Cardinals Ladaria, Cupich, and by implication Pope Francis, that whatever may be the case a local ordinary has a canonical privilege to declare an intrinsic evil a political virtue. Gagliarducci underscores USCCB president Archbishop Jose Gomez’ insistence the discussions will proceed.
Perhaps Biden appears “shiningly Catholic” to the Pope, but not to us.
And even in his jejune posturing, Biden believes a rosary is primarily a weapon for violently choking human beings. He is missing more than a few neurons; he seems to be without conscience. And he accuses Putin of having no soul.
I fear this might be another
-can’t wait to shake your hand, buddy,
-see my big grin for you,
-verbally, let’s pat each other
-and ourselves on the back
-as you were, carry on ol boy accompaniment.
Rosemarie, suffice it to say Judas would be envious.
I wonder if they are going practice “social distancing” by kissing each other’s rings from exactly 3 feet away? I have pretty much given up on both those who supposedly run our government and the Church hierarchy. But who cares, my parish is still the faithful and our community is vibrant despite this whole pandemic panic attack. Praise the Lord.
600,000 is no “panic attack.”
We are required to treat others with Mercy, if we want the Divine Mercy for ourselves.
“For the sake of His Sorrowful Passion, have Mercy on us and all the whole world.”
The obvious purpose of this visit and, especially its timing, is to thwart a segment of the American bishops who seem unusually committed to a certain course for their June meeting. It would be so awkward for them to take any action or even make a strong statement against Biden just days after he has what, no doubt, will be a very convivial audience with Papa Bergoglio (if there were any chance that it wouldn’t be, the White House would never allow it to happen). If this isn’t enough to deter these bishops, Francis and Parolin will simply order them to shut up. They should make them do it.
For Pope Francis, that he will evangelize the Biden sect with the papal prayer intention for June: “The Beauty of Marriage—Let us pray for young people who are preparing for marriage with the support of a Christian community: may they grow in love, with generosity, faithfulness and patience;”
For President Biden, that he will seize the moment and choreograph the meeting to take place on the steps of the Immaculate Conception Cathedral where he, like Theodosius kneeling before St. Ambrose, can either defend or appeal for mercy for the deaths of 66 million from A.D.1973 to 2021 (rather than Theodosius’ mere 7,000 in A.D. 390); and
For the Catholic flock, that a photo-op can be allowed to the emerging real leadership in the USCCB, rather than, say, the likes of wonderboy and pseudo-priest James Martin and his cardinalate retinue;
Let us pray to the Lord…Lord hear our prayer.
No one ought to be shocked that close allies should want to confer in person to further their common political agenda. It should be plain to everyone by now that almost all of what has been said about this Pope by his most severe opponents is basically true. But, I am sure there will be more tortured attempts to explain it all away. Time to cue up another piece “proving” how committed Francis is the pro-life cause.
“…close allies…want to confer in person…” Taking into account that this meeting might happen IS a major “take notice” event. When the pawns have finally had enough–full to the eyeballs with the goings-on and the upper crust feels the shaking below——well, it’s time to bring out the big guns.
Jesus said, “I came not to call the righteous, but sinners.”” Mark 2:17. We can hope that Francis will help Chairman Joe to meet the demands of the “devout” Catholicism he professes.
And what do you think the chances are that Francis will seriously confront Biden on anything? After over eight years of this pontificate, isn’t it rather easy to predict what will and won’t happen?
The so-called ‘catholics’ who see no problem with taxpayer-financed abortions, or ‘catholic’ politicians who support it – and the like – are becoming increasingly desperate because they know that the tide against it is rising.
Both Francis and joe all ready have something on common besides their hatred of trump !! They are both in China’s payroll !