South Bend, Ind., Nov 17, 2019 / 03:01 pm (CNA).- For Aristotle, the definition of perfect friendship was so narrow that precious few could achieve it.
In order to have a perfect friendship between two people, Aristotle said that both must be models of goodness and virtue, willing the good of the other and loving each other for their own sake.
He also thought these levels of virtue and goodness could only be achieved by a narrow slice of the population: namely, the Greek male elite. Women, non-Greeks, productive workers, and slaves were, in Aristotle’s mind, unable to achieve the levels of virtue and goodness necessary for such friendships.
Such people could have other kinds of friendships, Aristotle said – friendships of utility or pleasure – but they could never have perfect friendship.
It was this view of friendship with which moral philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre took issue in his Nov. 8 address at the di Nicola Center for Ethics and Culture’s 20th annual conference, which this year had the theme of friendship.
“For (perfect) friendships, so Aristotle tells us, we have to be good in ways and to a degree that…if we’re honest, many of us know that we’re not,” MacIntyre said.
“Aristotle allows that…we can, without being good, participate in friendships of mutual utility or of shared pleasure, but even this should be depressing for many of us,” he added, “for what we need on the most important occasions when we need friendship…are friendships sustained by a good deal more than the possibility of mutual utility or of shared pleasure.”
MacIntyre pointed to other still unsatisfactory definitions of friendship, such as that from Dale Carnegie, who wrote the 1936 book “How to Win Friends and Influence People.”
But what Carnegie suggests will not help one have real friends, MacIntyre said, but will manufacture “a certain kind of superficial sociability, a sociability which no one of integrity could confuse with friendship.” Such friendships, he added, might be compared to someone who is a Facebook friend and nothing more.
Friedrich Nietzsche, on the other hand, concludes that “yes there are friends, but it’s error and deception regarding yourself that led them to you, and they must have learned how to keep silent in order to remain your friend.”
With these different definitions and ideas of friendship, what then does it mean to truly be a friend? While hoping to broaden the scope of friendship beyond that which is available to the Greek male elite, MacIntyre said there are still many types of relationships that, while friendly, are not true friendships.
Such relationships include, for example, those between coworkers, where a certain amount of friendliness is helpful in achieving common goals and completing tasks together, or relationships between parents and children, between siblings, or between members of groups such as rock climbers, people in a choir, or members of a surgical team, MacIntyre said.
Those in such relationships “only care for each other because they are collaborators in some particular role. They do not care for each other as she or he is in themselves, apart from whatever role they happen to be playing at any particular time. This alone is sufficient to distinguish such relationships from friendships,” he added.
With such relationships being so prolific in our lives, MacIntyre said some may be tempted to wonder what the use is of another kind of friendship after all.
In his response to this question, MacIntyre said that because human beings are dependent rational animals who need to be able to make good judgements about themselves and the world in order to flourish, a key element of true friendship then is the ability to tell one another the truth.
“Insofar as our minds are not so informed, we’re liable to go astray in a variety of ways, to be victims of ignorance, arrogance, deception and self-deception. We become unable to flourish and we become unable to recognize that we are unable to flourish. We make bad decisions, for we can hope to avoid bad decision making only by deliberating in the company of a certain kind of other,” he said.
This other – a true friend – must not only be a “perceptive inquirer” and “scrupulously truthful,” they must “care enough about us and about our flourishing as human agents to insist on us, too, being truthful, so with their help, we may become able to correct our mistakes and to free ourselves from our illusions.”
True friendships must also be uncalculating of the costs and benefits of the relationship, and must be relationships in which “each friend genuinely cares both for the other and for the good of the other and finds in this caring a sufficient reason for acting as she or he does,” MacIntyre added.
St. Thomas Aquinas, MacIntyre noted, was also able to “correct” some of Aristotle’s deficiencies in his definition of friendship by recognizing that people possess various virtues in varying degrees, and that grace and charity can account for some of the ways baptized persons act that go beyond either their natural inclinations towards virtue or their moral education in the virtues, which allows for a broader understanding of friendship.
“So a more recognizable portrait of humanity emerges – and one sometimes wonders how many people Aristotle had actually met,” MacIntyre said.
This more recognizable view of humanity is “one in which moral education has become the work of a lifetime, and moral failure in this or that respect is a recurrent and characteristic feature of our lives. It matters, of course, that Aquinas writes as a Christian theologian and therefore is someone for whom their sinfulness is one of the key facts about human beings,” he added.
This more flexible view of humanity also allows that good friendships can be schools of virtue, rather than just something that occurs between two people who have already achieved perfect virtue, because these friendships are “a means to self-knowledge. Friendships survive and flourish…only if each friend can rely on the other’s truthfulness. And without the self-knowledge that is one result of such truthfulness we’re all of us apt to become victims of our own self-indulgent fantasies,” he said.
An additional key element of a true friendship is that it is a gift, MacIntyre said. A gift is freely given, and must be received. This means that one must be open to the possibility of friendship with others, and recognize the opportunity of friendship when it occurs.
This requires a responsiveness to others, as well as a willingness to be surprised or disappointed along the way, he noted. It means letting go of pride, or of greed or an unnecessary competitiveness with others, he added.
“Yet what above all else stands in the way of openness to friendship is insincerity,” MacIntyre said. An insincere person is an actor of sorts, he noted. An insincere person is not necessarily a liar, but they have convinced others and sometimes themselves that they are something or someone that they are not.
“An insincere person invites others to respond not to their reality, but the sometimes impressive fiction that they have constructed. So the other is put at a disadvantage and when the invitation extended to the other is or includes an offer a friendship, what is offered cannot, in fact, be friendship. For one is being invited to care for a fiction, not for a real human being,” he said.
A final characteristic of a true friend is that they care not only for their friend, but for all that their friend cares about, MacIntyre said, quoting Aquinas: “When the man has friendship for someone for his sake, he loves all belonging to it, whether children, servants or related to him in any way.”
“Indeed, so much do we love our friends, but for their sake we love all who belonged to them,” MacIntyre said.
And so with these defining characteristics of a good friendship, they still may be difficult to find in today’s world, MacIntyre said, but they are possible and necessary for human flourishing.
“Each of us needs such others if we are able to deliberate well and to make good choices. Each of us needs such others if we are to achieve the self-knowledge without which we can’t flourish.”
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yup, while the ‘white boy club’ kneels before the archbishop of wash…as trump & melania kneel before God.
the only thing the Trumps kneel to is corruption money and greed
It is difficult to believe the polls. But, I am finding most people I know who were previously liberal are now moving over to President Trump because he is defending religious liberty, even if he is highly persecuted for doing so, even by members of the Catholic hierarchy. The persecution he receives makes him authentic rather than engaging in stunts as his accusers claim. He has been a defender of Pro-Life issues, more than any President. He has handled the virus as well as he could given the fact that the scientific data was all wrong that petty liberal Democrats so fiercely cling to as a rational reason to close churches at the same time allowing taverns, liquor stores, etc. to remain open. He has wanted to reopen churches since Easter and signed an executive order to reopen churches as essential. Local Democrat Governors were allowed to keep churches closed and supported by the Supreme Court that the Governors could keep the churches closed with dictatorial directives or with excruciating restrictions not imposed on other activities within the society. He has signed an executive order to support international religious liberty as a US foreign policy which should make happy those Catholics being persecuted for their faith in other nations, China and the Middle East but one example. He has done more for the Roman Catholic faith than any President, although he wife and his son Barron are both Catholic. His wife is the first Catholic First Lady since Jackie Kennedy sixty years ago, and she seems to have had a positive influence on him.
The demonstrator who seem mostly White from affluent backgrounds have turned off the majority of Americans and threaten the property and business of Black neighborhoods, creating an unnecessary class war. This jeopardizes the decades of positive relationships established between the two races by ordinary Americans, pitting people against each other according to race They seem to be supported mostly by extremely liberal Democrat politicians and some clergy.
Beside destroying property, they have threatened and murdered the police, exhausting the resources of America. The demonstrators have failed to practice social distancing further jeopardizing their lives, the lives of their families, friends, and social circles, not to mention spreading the virus to the police and fire departments and hospitals and staff. If the virus spreads, this reckless disregard for life by all of the protestors, even those who thought they represented non-violence, but in fact became instruments of violence, we can hold them all responsible. More people who develop the virus and die from it can be attributed to the reckless disregard for human life demonstrated by these demonstrators. All the while, the Democratic Speaker of the House keeps Congress from meeting due to the pre-text of the virus…hum….
No, I think the “silent majority” will vote for Trump and GOP who want to restore law and order, religious freedom to worship, and sanity back to America. Converts are being made as we speak, and yes within the African American and Latino communities.
Glad to see this statistic. Trump is the least Christian president I’ve ever seen. He has no compassion for anyone and his priority is only himself. He wanted Marla Maples to abort Tiffany and he has been responsible
For paying for at least a dozen abortions – so far.
If Catholics think he is a so called pro life president it is only because he wants the votes as is the reason for every move he makes. He is anti-American since the only American he actually cares about is himself. He has broken every commandment and lives a life full of greed, gluttony, and selfishness.
I wish other Catholics would open their eyes and minds and try to see what an evil man he is.
Glad to see the tide may turn away from him.
“The Pharisee, standing, prayed thus to himself: God, I thank thee that I am not as the rest of men, rapacious, unjust, adulterers, or even as this tax-gatherer.”
“For paying for at least a dozen abortions – so far.” You have no evidence of that. Calumny, detraction…
I don’t understand how any Catholic can support Trump. He is a serial adulterer, he mocks the Pope’s guidance on climate change, he sows division among the faithful, and essentially does not follow any aspect of the Gospels. As a Chaplain who retired from 28 years service with the US military, I suggest that any Catholic who votes for Trump needs to examine their conscience. Also, if you encourage other Catholics to vote for Trump you are leading others down a dangerous path.
Difficult for me to believe you were a Catholic Military Chaplain. Apparently you do not believe in redemption for anyone, even though Trump has proven himself to be a defender of innocent human life in everything he has done. You must be among those who choose to believe Biden is a “faithful Catholic” in spite of all the evidence to the contrary, including everything he says, and his choice of a rabidly pro-abortion woman as his VP. The “climate change” scare is a hoax – read what an avid environmental scientist recently said about this hoax – which is an excuse for population control and the murdering of even more innocent life in the womb. There are none so blind as those who refuse to see.
Anything funded by the Arcus Foundation needs to be taken with a grain of salt.