12 things to know and share about the Holy Trinity

 

The Most Holy and Undivided Trinity. / Credit: Lawrence OP via Flickr (CC BY 2.0)

National Catholic Register, May 26, 2024 / 04:00 am (CNA).

The Catholic Church teaches that the Holy Trinity is the central mystery of the Christian faith. But how much do we know about this mystery? What is its history? What does it mean? And how can it be proved?

Here are 12 things to know and to share.

1. Where does the word “Trinity” come from?

It comes from the Latin word “trinitas,” which means “three” or “triad.” The Greek equivalent is “triados.”

 2. When was the word first used?

The first surviving use of the term (there may have been earlier uses that are now lost) was about 170 A.D. by Theophilus of Antioch, who wrote:

“In like manner also the three days which were before the luminaries are types of the Trinity [Τριάδος], of God, and His Word, and His wisdom. And the fourth is the type of man, who needs light, that so there may be God, the Word, wisdom, man” (“To Autolycus,” 2:15).

3. What is the Trinity?

The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church explains it this way:

“The Church expresses her trinitarian faith by professing a belief in the oneness of God in whom there are three Persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The three divine Persons are only one God because each of them equally possesses the fullness of the one and indivisible divine nature. They are really distinct from each other by reason of the relations which place them in correspondence to each other. The Father generates the Son; the Son is generated by the Father; the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son” (No. 48).

 4. Is the Trinity the central mystery of the Christian faith?

Yes. The compendium explains:

“The central mystery of Christian faith and life is the mystery of the Most Blessed Trinity. Christians are baptized in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit” (No. 44).

5. When did the Church infallibly define the Trinity?

The dogma of the Trinity was defined in two stages, at the First Council of Nicaea (325 A.D.) and the First Council of Constantinople (381 A.D.).

First Nicaea defined the divinity of the Son and wrote the part of the Creed that deals with the Son.

This council was called to deal with the heresy known as Arianism, which claimed that the Son was a supernatural being but not God.

First Constantinople defined the divinity of the Holy Spirit and wrote the part of the Creed that deals with the Spirit.

This council dealt with a heresy known as Macedonianism (because its advocates were from Macedonia), which denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit. This heresy was also called Pneumatomachianism (from a Greek phrase meaning “fighting the Spirit”).

6. How can the Trinity be proved?

The Trinity can only be proved through the divine revelation that Jesus brought us. It cannot be proved by natural reason or from the Old Testament alone. The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:

“God has left some traces of his trinitarian being in creation and in the Old Testament but his inmost being as the Holy Trinity is a mystery which is inaccessible to reason alone or even to Israel’s faith before the Incarnation of the Son of God and the sending of the Holy Spirit. This mystery was revealed by Jesus Christ and it is the source of all the other mysteries” (No. 45).

Although the vocabulary used to express the doctrine of the Trinity took time to develop, we can demonstrate the different aspects of the doctrine from Scripture.

7. How can we show from Scripture that there is only one God?

The fact that there is only one God was already made clear in the Old Testament. For example, the book of Isaiah proclaims:

“You are my witnesses, says the Lord, and my servant whom I have chosen, that you may know and believe me and understand that I am he. Before me no god was formed, nor shall there be any after me” (Is 43:10).

“Thus says the Lord, the King of Israel, and his Redeemer, the Lord of hosts: I am the first and I am the last; besides me there is no god” (Is 44:6).

8. How can we show that the Father is God?

The Father is proclaimed as God numerous times in the New Testament. For example, St. Paul declares:

“Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies and God of all comfort” (2 Cor 1:3).

“There is … one God and Father of us all, who is above all and through all and in all” (Eph 4:4-6).

 9. How can we show that the Son is God?

This is proclaimed in a variety of places in the New Testament, including at the beginning of the Gospel of John:

“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. … And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, full of grace and truth; we have beheld his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father” (Jn 1:1, 14).

And later:

“Then [Jesus] said to Thomas, ‘Put your finger here, and see my hands; and put out your hand, and place it in my side; do not be faithless, but believing.’ Thomas answered him, ‘My Lord and my God!’” (Jn 20:27-28).

 10. How can we show that the Holy Spirit is God?

In the book of Acts, the Holy Spirit is portrayed as a divine Person who speaks and who can be lied to:

“While they were worshiping the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit said, ‘Set apart for me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them’” (Acts 13:2).

“But Peter said, ‘Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back part of the proceeds of the land? … You have not lied to men but to God’” (Acts 5:3-4).

11. How can we show that the Father, the Son, and the Spirit are distinct Persons?

The distinction of the persons can be shown, for example, in the fact that Jesus speaks to his Father. This would make no sense if they were one and the same person.

“At that time Jesus declared, ‘I thank thee, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou hast hidden these things from the wise and understanding and revealed them to babes; yea, Father, for such was thy gracious will’” (Mt 11:25-26).

The fact that Jesus is not the same Person as the Holy Spirit is revealed when Jesus — who has been functioning as the Counselor (Greek, “Parakletos”) of the disciples — says he will pray to the Father and the Father will given then “another Counselor,” who is the Holy Spirit. This shows the distinction of all three Persons: Jesus who prays; the Father who sends; and the Spirit who comes:

“And I will pray the Father, and he will give you another Counselor, to be with you forever, even the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him; you know him, for he dwells with you, and will be in you” (Jn 14:16-17).

12. How can we show that the Son is generated by the Father and that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son?

The fact that the Son is generated by the Father is indicated by the names of these Persons. Sons are generated by fathers. The second Person of the Trinity would not be a Son if he were not generated by the first Person as his Father.

The fact that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son is reflected in another statement of Jesus:

“But when the Counselor comes, whom I shall send to you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the Father, he will bear witness to me” (Jn 15:26).

This depicts the Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father and the Son (“whom I shall send”). Here the outward operations of the Persons of the Trinity reflect their mutual relations with each other. It may also be said that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son.

For more on the procession of the Holy Spirit, click here.

This article was first published by the National Catholic Register, CNA’s sister news partner, on June 7, 2020, and has been updated and adapted by CNA.


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5 Comments

  1. Akin is smart enough to know that the Trinity and its features are articles of faith, and as such cannot be demonstrated as proofs. Rather reason can ‘show’ as he says, meaning the reasonableness of holding to these divine mysteries of the faith. Although the existence of God is entirely accessible to reason and can indeed be proved [notice he doesn’t add ‘How can we show the existence of God’], whereas belief that Jesus is the Son of God is a mystery of the faith in which we believe as in faith, the theological gift of grace.
    Additionally, we can show as Akin says that the Son is God. Meaning that we may come to believe that Jesus is the Son of God. Although as James says even the devils believe, whereas faith differs. Faith in Jesus is a theological gift.

  2. It seems to me that taking one isolated verse, for example, John 1:1, in which the text says, in part, “…and the Word was God” and concluding this to mean that Jesus is Himself, God, fails to take into account the entirety of the Bible.

    John 3:16 says “For God so loved the world He gave His only begotten Son…”. In this verse, we see two subjects: God & the Son. God gave Jesus to all who would believe. It does not say that God came to earth to be born by the Virgin Mary which would then suggest that God had a beginning (in the form of man as human flesh) and we know that God had no beginning and will have no end. Jesus, however, though He has been with God for all of time in spirit, did have a beginning as a man in human flesh by way of the virgin Mary as well as an end upon his crucifixion to be followed bup by the resurrection. With this said, if Jesus is Himself God, than we would have to say that John 3:16 is not accurate and that God did not give His only begotten Son to the world. But that isn’t the case because the Bible is pure and true. So, God the Father and our Lord & Savior, Jesus Christ, Father and Son are two entities. Jesus is one with God in essence, of mind, and of deity. The book of Luke tells us that Jesus knew that God put all things in His hand. In other words, Jesus is by all accounts equal in deity & power as God. However, there is just one thing: Mark 13:32 tells us that no angel, nor man, not even the Son, knows when the end of time will be. I find this to be an interesting differentiation and unique, defining difference between God and Jesus.

    Is there a higher power than God? Absolutely not! God is the one and only true & living God. There is none higher. That said, if Jesus is God, then who, when Jesus fell on His face in the garden with His disciples, who was Jesus praying to if He is in fact God?? Who was Jesus calling out to in prayer, calling to His Father God, to forgive his murderers, when upon the cross? If Jesus is God, than who/what higher power was God calling out to in these instances? It seems clear that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who God sent to us so that we, through Him, might be saved. Jesus lived a perfect life and died a cruel death on the cross for the remission of sins, that we might be saved.

    So, to recap, in short, if we say that Jesus is God, we must say that specific verses in the Bible are not true (ie John 3:16). But we know that this is not the case. If however, we understand Jesus as being one in essence, of mind, in power and as a deity equal with God, then every verse can be easily understood and accomodated for their accuracy and truthfulness – nothing would have to be questioned (ie: did God send Jesus to us or did God Himself come to earth?). Jesus is the Great Intercessor. He intercedes (advocates) for us. Jesus says no one comes to the Father but by Him (Jesus). Jesus further expounds on the idea that His being in oneness and equal with God when He says “if you have seen Me, you have seen my Father”. God the Father & Jesus Christ, our Lord & Savior. Two entities equal in power and deity.

    When I was baptized I confessed that I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, not that Jesus is God. I remain unchanged in my belief.

    My late grandfather was Catholic but I am and was raised in the Church of Christ. Thank you for letting me share.

    • The Christian belief that Jesus is God is hardly based on just one verse or passage. Regardless, I am curious about your testimony here, as it is my understanding (as a former Evangelical Protestant with some knowledge of various denominations) that the Church of Christ denomination does believe in One God/Three Divine Persons, as it is expressed in its “Basic Beliefs”.

      • The Church Of Christ is not Apostolic, they do not follow The Doctrine Of Christ, and thus they deny The Unity Of The Holy Ghost (Filioque) and the fact that “It is not possible to have Sacramental Communion without Ecclesiastical Communion”.

        The Elders are not Apostles Of Jesus The Christ, because they deny Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture.

    • The nature of the Holy Trinity is one of the complete total intimate union of Three Divine Persons. This is the same union by nature that united the Son and His divine nature to His human Incarnation and nature by the Hypostatic Union. Christ is true God and true Man. Christ’s divine nature and existence as being a Divine Person as Son predated and took on His human nature. When talking about Christ we need to remember that in the Hypostatic Union Christ’s human nature has its own human will. There are places in the Bible where Christ expresses amazement and where He experiences temptations like those in the wilderness. To me these passages and His Agony in the Garden are showing the actions of His human will and nature. The Passion and Death of Christ were the final acts in conforming His human will to the divine will of His Father.

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