Statue of St. Peter in front of St. Peter’s Basilica. / Credit: Vatican Media
Rome Newsroom, Jun 13, 2024 / 09:42 am (CNA).
The Vatican published a 130-page study on papal primacy on Thursday containing suggestions from Orthodox and Protestant Christian communities for how the role of the Bishop of Rome might look in a future “reunited Church.”
The study document, titled “The Bishop of Rome: Primacy and Synodality in Ecumenical Dialogue and Responses to the Encyclical Ut Unum Sint,” is the first Vatican text since the Second Vatican Council to outline the entire ecumenical debate on papal primacy.
In addition to identifying the theological questions surrounding papal primacy in ecumenical dialogue, the document goes a step further to provide suggestions “for a ministry of unity in a reunited Church,” including “a differentiated exercise of the primacy of the Bishop of Rome.”
The end of the text published on June 13 includes a section of proposals from the Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity on “the exercise of primacy in the 21st century,” including recommendations for “a synodal exercise” of papal primacy.
Synodality
The dicastery concludes that “growing synodality is required within the Catholic Church” and that “many synodal institutions and practices of the Eastern Catholic Churches could inspire the Latin Church.”
It adds that “a synodality ad extra” could include regular meetings among Christian representatives at the worldwide level in a “conciliar fellowship” to deepen communion.
This builds off of dialogue with some Orthodox representatives who have asserted that “any restoration of full communion between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches will require, on both sides, a strengthening of synodal structures and a renewed understanding of a universal primacy – both serving communion among the churches.”
At a Vatican press conference on June 13, Cardinal Mario Grech, the secretary-general of the General Secretariat of the Synod, said that this study document is being released as a very “convenient time” as the Church prepares for the second session of the Synod on Synodality in the fall.
A representative of the Armenian Apostolic Church, Archbishop Khajag Barsamian, who joined the press conference via video link, underlined that “the synodality of the Catholic Church is an important criterion for the Oriental Orthodox churches on our way to full communion.”
Defining responsibilities of the pope
The Catholic Church holds that Jesus made Peter the “rock” of his Church, giving him the keys to the Kingdom and instituting him as the shepherd of the whole flock. The pope as Peter’s successor is the “perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful,” as described in one of the principal documents of the Second Vatican Council, Lumen Gentium.
The new study document proposes “a clearer distinction be made between the different responsibilities of the Pope, especially between his ministry as head of the Catholic Church and his ministry of unity among all Christians, or more specifically between his patriarchal ministry in the Latin Church and his primatial ministry in the communion of Churches.”
It notes the possibility of “extending this idea to consider how other Western Churches might relate to the Bishop of Rome as primate while having a certain autonomy themselves.”
The text notes that Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches emphasized the importance of regional leadership in the Church and advocated “a balance between primacy and primacies.” It adds that some ecumenical dialogues with Western Christian communities also applied this to the Catholic Church by calling for “a strengthening of Catholic episcopal conferences, including at the continental level, and for a continuing ‘decentralization’ inspired by the model of the ancient patriarchal Churches.”
Invoking the principle of subsidiarity, which means that no matter that can properly be dealt with at a lower level should be taken to a higher one, the text describes how some ecumenical dialogues argued that “the power of the Bishop of Rome should not exceed that required for the exercise of his ministry of unity at the universal level, and suggest a voluntary limitation in the exercise of his power.”
“In a reconciled Christianity, such communion presupposes that the Bishop of Rome’s relationship to the Eastern Churches and their bishops […] would have to be substantially different from the relationship now accepted in the Latin Church,” it says.
‘Rewording’ of teachings of Vatican I
Another concrete proposal put forward by the dicastery is “a Catholic ‘re-reception’, ‘re-interpretation,’ ‘official interpretation,’ ‘updated commentary,’ or even ‘rewording’ of the teachings of Vatican I,” particularly with regard to definitions on primacy of jurisdiction and papal infallibility.
The First Vatican Council, which took place between 1869 and 1870 under Pope Pius IX, dogmatically defined papal infallibility in the constitution, Pastor Aeternus, which said that when the Roman Pontiff speaks ex cathedra, that is, when he officially teaches in his capacity of the universal shepherd of the Church on a doctrine on a matter of faith or morals and addresses it to the entire world, the defined doctrine is irreformable.
An Anglican representative who spoke at the Vatican press conference highlighted how certain aspects of Vatican I have been a particular “stumbling block” for Angelicans.
The study document released by the Vatican pointed to how arguments have been made in ecumenical dialogue that some of the teachings of Vatican I “were deeply conditioned by their historical context” and suggested that “the Catholic Church should look for new expressions and vocabulary faithful to the original intention but integrated into a communio ecclesiology and adapted to the current cultural and ecumenical context.”
It describes how some ecumenical dialogues “were able to clarify the wording of the dogma of infallibility and even to agree on certain aspects of its purpose, recognizing the need, in some circumstances, for a personal exercise of the teaching ministry, given that Christian unity is a unity in truth and love.”
“In spite of these clarifications, the dialogues still express concerns regarding the relation of infallibility to the primacy of the Gospel, the indefectibility of the whole Church, the exercise of episcopal collegiality and the necessity of reception,” it adds.
‘That they all may be one’
The document summarizes responses by different Christian communities to Pope John Paul II’s 1995 encyclical on Christian unity, Ut Unum Sint (“That They All May Be One”).
In particular to the Polish pope’s invitation in the encyclical for Christian leaders and theologians to engage in a patient and fraternal dialogue on papal primacy.
“It is out of a desire to obey the will of Christ truly that I recognize that as bishop of Rome I am called to exercise that ministry. I insistently pray the Holy Spirit to shine his light upon us, enlightening all the pastors and theologians of our Churches, that we may seek — together, of course — the forms in which this ministry may accomplish a service of love recognized by all concerned,” John Paul II wrote.
Ut Unum Sint says that the bishop of Rome as the successor of the Apostle Peter has a “specific duty” to work for the cause of Christian unity.
The study document published by the Vatican is the result of more than three years of work summarizing some 30 responses to Ut unum sint and 50 ecumenical dialogue documents on the subject.
Orthodox, Protestant, and Catholics experts were consulted in collaboration with the Institute for Ecumenical Studies at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas.
Cardinal Kurt Koch, the prefect of the Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity, noted at the press conference that one of the fruits of the ecumenical theological dialogue in the past three decades has been “a renewed reading of the ‘Petrine texts,’” in which dialogue partners were invited to “consider afresh the role of Peter among the apostles.”
The Vatican notes that the “the concerns, emphases and conclusions of the different dialogues varied according to the confessional traditions involved.”
As a study document, its goal is only to offer “an objective synthesis of the ecumenical discussions” on papal primacy, and “does not claim to exhaust the subject nor summarize the entire Catholic magisterium on the subject.”
Cardinal Koch explained that Pope Francis gave his approval for the dicastery to publish the document, but this does not mean that the pope approved every sentence.
Ian Ernest, the director of the Anglican Center in Rome, thanked Catholic leaders for publishing the new document, which he said “opens up new perspectives for ecumenical relations on the much debated question of the relationship between primacy and synodality.”
“As the personal representative of the archbishop of Canterbury, I am delighted that one of the most comprehensive and detailed responses to St. John Paul II’s invitation in Ut unum sint was given by the House of bishops of the Church of England in 1997,” he said.
Ernest described the Anglican Lambeth Conference and Primates’ Meeting as examples of “synodality at work,” which enable the Anglican communion “to prayerfully understand the ecumenical dialogues and new perspectives which touch on … important doctrinal aspects.”
In response to questions from journalists, Cardinal Grech acknowledged that different Christian churches have different ways of conceiving synodality.
Grech noted that the synthesis report from the 2023 assembly of the Synod on Synodality asked theologians to examine “the way in which a renewed understanding of the episcopate within a synodal Church affects the ministry of the Bishop of Rome and the role of the Roman Curia.”
He added that “the debate is still open” as the Church continues the synodal process with the second assembly in the fall.
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Thank you for writing the truth,George, about the corruption and perversion of the Vatican. One bishop addressed this Peronist Papacy by pointing to the fact that bishops are not corporate managers with the CEO headquartered at the Vatican. They are the shepherds of their flocks (in some cases, they are shepherds who have fed the sheep to the wolves).
Yes, indeed.
McCarrick has yet to be charged with anything by the Vatican.
It is unlikely he will ever stand trial under Canon Law. McCarrick knows to much. He is being protected.
Francis plays for keeps. Bet on it.
How long O Lord, how long?
Maybe I missed it, but in what way is cardinal dinardo demonstrating that he is determined to come to grips with the Scandal in the American Church? For example why didn’t he put to a vote the demand from Rome that the Bishops not consider the two proposals? Why didn’t he show some leadership and make exactly the response outlined here: that the proposals were entirely within the authorities of individual bishops and therefore of the bishops as a group and any needed corrections could be made after the fact. We are being led by men who are either commited to nefarious goals or are unwilling to resist.
Precisely, Donna. I would like to see Cardinal DiNardo’s response to your questions. Further, I would like to see our bishops make a united stand against the heavy-handed tactics of the Pope. Its long past time someone called his bluff.
You are correct. DiNardo folded immediately. Diddn’t want to piss off the Capo di tutti capi.
Victims? Their families? Truth? Justice? Please don’t make me laugh.
The real head of the American bishops is Cupich, not DiNardo.
And Cupich is very much the pope’s man. Bet on it.
“Cardinal DiNardo and the majority of the bishops are determined to get to grips with the awfulness that has come to light, for the sake of the Church’s evangelical future.”
Given the votes – for Cupich as pro-life USCCB Chair (2017: 44%) and for urging Rome to come clean (lost 2-1), this assertion is unsubstantiated and, rather than being hopeful, is excessively optimistic.
Until the Bishops and Rome talk about the sexually active homosexuals in the ranks of the clerics who sexually abuse anyone they can later silence, no one is listening. Collegiality is a code word used for over 40 years by the Bishops, now Pope Francis, to hush up any talk about homosexual predatory behaviors by clerics. Vigano broke rank and talked, and the whole world listened.
Love Hate affects Italians like the rest of us. Especially the educated and those in position my experience of eight years. We can be assured Fr Spadaro SJ Francis’ confidant already known as an anti Am bigot is part of that elite Vatican company of haters. We were slapped down twice Cardinal Di Nardo [taking the direct slap downs] reflecting dismay rightly accounted by George Weigel in an excellent article. And Weigel savvy of Roman machinations as he is knows the Am Hierarchy do have an ingrained deference to Rome. After all it’s what we’ve been for 2000 years, a Church centered on Papal authority. This time the center of faithful adherence to Christ and the Gospels is no longer. The opposite is true and is what the US bishops – the many faithful good ones not the pontifically planted scotch guard are struggling with. The Laity must support Di Nardo, Olmsted, Morlino, Thomas absolutely not Joseph Tobin [the latter a plant aligned with others subservient to the higher echelon Vatican] the rest according to a preeminent journalist Diane Montagna living in “terror”. This time the Am scapegoat is metamorphosing into a Ram ready to but heads with the Apostates.
I should have wrote Scots Guards or the King’s personal guards known to keep lesser military in line. At any rate G Weigel anticipates Cardinal Di Nardo and other prelates taking a more vigorous stand against Vatican intransigence on McCarrick and investigation of ecclesial homosexual networks. To achieve that they must override Scots guards Cardinals Cupich, Farrell, Tobin, and Wuerl who still has influence.
Wurl and Cupich are still are still helping the Pope install likeminded Bishops.
@Donna Bethell, Cardinal DiNardo Is inclined to address the scandal in a meaningful and responsible way but probably feels outgunned and resigned to defeat. Cardinal Cupich is the de facto American Primate of Pope Francis’ choosing. Most American bishops cannot contemplate rebelling against Pope Francis because they cannot bring themselves to believe that in him we may have a destroyer rather than a shepherd. That doesn’t make them bad persons, just unequpped for our extraordinary times. Pope Francis talks out of both sides of his mouth when he is not being vague or ambiguous, so those who wish to give him the benefit of the doubt can always do so. Many Catholics would rather punish the boy who says the Emperor has no clothes than admit the ugly truth. See Vigano. Look at what Pope Francis’ proxies have done to him. It may take a combination of damaging state prosecutions and a nosedive in donations from the lay faithful before the average bishop (apart from members of the lavender mania) will be emboldened enough to challenge and push back against a papacy that has lost its way.
ERRATA: lavender mafia (not mania).
Prior to his election, Jorge Bergoglio condoned certain same-sex sexual relationships and thus same -sex sexual acts, that he defined as private because they were not called marriage and children were not involved, rejecting Genesis and thus The Sanctity of all human life, and The Sanctity of the marital act within The Sacrament of Holy Matrimony.
The question is, how can our Holy Father, Benedict, possibly be safe within The Vatican, when the wolves have entered like a thief in the night?
The Catholic Church’s teaching on sexual morality, as Revealed by The Word Of God, serves out of respect for the inherent Dignity of every beloved son and daughter.
Absolutely true, I am an Italian Canonists working for an American firm and I have to fight prejudice every time they read USA on the intestation of my letters
“…temper their ingrained deference to “Rome…”
It appears deference to Rome is only exhibited by cowards.
With certitude we can say Jesuits promoting rectal intimacy between men experience no need to give deference to “Rome,” if by “Rome” we mean as we always have the perennial Magisterium of the Church.
Any bishop who provides deference to a Rome which does not embody the perennial Magisterium of the Church is not functioning as a Catholic bishop. If “Rome” does not see fit to call to order clerical promoters of homosexuality in contradiction to its responsibility as the living Magisterium to promote and preserve the perennial Magisterium — does “Rome” even exist? When idle chatter in “Rome” includes the denial of the existence of Hell and the immortality of the soul, does “Rome” hold any credence?
What goes on here and when will I hear a bishop — American or otherwise — articulate this question?
““These most crafty enemies have filled and inebriated with gall and bitterness the Church, the spouse of the immaculate Lamb, and have laid impious hands on her most sacred possessions. In the Holy Place itself, where the See of Holy Peter and the Chair of Truth has been set up as the light of the world, they have raised the throne of their abominable impiety, with the iniquitous design that when the Pastor has been struck, the sheep may be.”
— Pope Leo XIII, excerpt from his prayer to Saint Michael
I appreciate the author’s sense of the outrage growing in the U.S., However, given the dismal outcome of the one vote they did take, I wonder if the first two would have passed. To me, Quellet acts like a mafia mouthpiece. But, in the end, I wonder if he actually gave the bishops exactly what they wanted.
I simply do not understand what is wrong with the ruling powers in Rome, nor the Bishops in America who don’t have the courage to take the obviously needed actions to clean up their own house. As a Clinical Psychologist, I’ve dealt with people’s behavior for over 45 years. The sad fact is that all the people involved in this Kabuki dance are not able to change their behaviors at this late date in their lives. The Church as we knew it will not survive into the next century.
Tom, I prefer to take Jesus at his word. He said: “ I will never leave you or forsake you”. We will survive! This is a mess but He is still in control and the Holy Spirit is still in charge of the Magisterium.
But, what I don’t get is George’s comment about: “Rome just doesn’t it on the sexual abuse crisis “. Is that meant to be a joke?
Every morning I wake up with great trepidation that I will read a news headline from Rome along the lines of “Pope Francis wavers on the authenticity of the Resurrection”… am I alone in my weariness? Is there a clerical voice in the US wilderness with enough moral heft to lead us through this mess?
1. Advent would be a great time for the US Bishops to exercise EXTRAORDINARY leadership:
a. Publicly announce (without prior permission from Rome) that Cardinal Sean O’Malley of Boston (and an appropriate level lay person) will lead the US efforts to investigate the sexual abuse crisis and any financial diocesan irregularities associated with it.
b. The investigation will entail every diocese in the US.
c. No Archbishop/Bishop will interfere. Bishops will argue Canon law prohibits XYZ without Papal authorization. Maybe. But US Bishops need to explore ways to restore the confidence of American Catholics even if it’s better to ask forgiveness than permission.
d. The investigators will have unrestricted access
e. A timeline for the investigation will be completed by, and publicly disclosed to US Catholics, before the beginning of the February meeting in Rome
f. If the Vatican attempts to stop or otherwise influence or interfere with the investigation, ALL US Bishops must be prepared to resign — Immediately with no exceptions. American Catholics are fed up. If the prevailing attitude in Rome is that this is a vast right-wing conspiracy, the Bishops — our leaders —- must be willing to stand up and testify otherwise. Who better than Cardinal O’Malley?
g. The Pope is the Servant of the Servants of God — Jesus said, “…whoever would be great among you must be your servant, and whoever would be first among you must be your slave; even as the Son of man came not to be served but to serve…” Matthew 20 Is there a US Bishop diplomatic and bold enough to deliver this reminder to the Pope without fear of retribution?
h. Pope Francis himself said, “Who am I to judge?” So why should he judge US Bishops who are serving the flock that demands action?
Anti-American sentiment in the Vatican has been the rule, not the exception, since our Nation was founded. Dimmed under Francis’s sainted predecessors, the embers became inflamed by the innate Anti-American prejudice of the new South American socialist custodian of St. Peter’s chair.
It is an unfortunate reality that the South American dream of democracy, so effectively sought by “El Libertador”, Simon Bolivar, so rapidly degenerated into one or another form of dictatorship. Pope Francis is encapsulating that South American phenomenon during his “reign”.
In my opinion, the behavior of Alexander VI laid the seed of the Reformation. The behavior of Francis in tolerating the Lavender Mafia, speaking of “synodality” while practicing a form of monarchical autocracy, teaching doctrinal and moral relativity while practically ignoring episcopal and sacerdotal sexual predations is leading to an ecclesial break even more serious than the Reformation: our people are leaving us, and their destination is not another form of recognizing Christ, but rather secular materialism.
The correct order of reality is 1) Homosexuality, 2) Pedophilia. Child “abuse”, as horrible as it is, is not the center of clerical and episcopal dread. I am convinced that it is the degree of Sodomy in clerical life which may be exposed. Faithful people, who have eyes to see for the last 50 years, have reluctantly observed the growing presence of uncomfortably mannered clerics. This leads us to the possibility of exposure for many in the Roman establishment. Why is Rome stonewalling? Why is there no trial for McCarrick or Danneels? The true answer may be both reasonably assumed and awful to contemplate..
I agree with you, Sir, but that reality that you speak of will NEED to be addressed if we are to get our Church back. After all that has happened now Cardinal Cupich is to lead the February gathering of bishops!!!! I find it interesting that right in the middle of the sexual scandals in South America and the United States, Francis would issue Episcopalis Communio! You can see an analysis of it in the National Catholic Register Sep 30-Oct 13 edition, in effect, “shifting” papal authority of synods. This is not what Christ said! He gave the keys of Heaven to Peter, His Vicker on earth, not to synods of bishops! If fear the Church is in for some changes disagreeable to most of us. I love the Catholic faith, I love the Pope and pray for him each day as I pray for those poor souls afflicted with same-sex attraction. But I love God more.
For 50 years Bishops and Priests have preached (either actively or through complicit silence) that one does not need to follow church teaching on sexual morality. (contraception).
You are reaping a whirlwind.
Jesus is purging His Church.
You can tell a lot about a man by the friends he keeps. Look at Francis friends,Baldisseri,Cocopalmieri,Wuerl,Cupich,night night baby Tobin and the list goes on.
Fellow American Catholics continue to be faithful to the Lord and the Lord will hear our prayers for justice.
I had hoped that the bishops would have still gone ahead and created a strong position paper–but in obedience, held the vote in abeyance until Feb. The contrast between the two positions (USCCB and Rome) might have forced this evil to be dealt with finally by Rome.
When Jesus promised: “The Gates of Hell will not prevail against it [the Church].”(St. Matthew, Chapter 16) I take Him at His word. But perhaps, just perhaps, he was referring to the invisible Church made up of truly orthodox and faithful Catholic believers and not the visible Church headquartered in Rome headed by Francis. Perhaps, just perhaps…
CWR and Joseph Fessio are leading you to Hell without any help from anyone else while charging you a subscription fee no less.
Good riddance
Subscription fee? Where? I’ve been editing CWR since late 2011, and I don’t know of a subscription fee. Do tell.
it was John Paul who set the patterns for denial and refusing to meet with victims, making it almost impossible for bishops to laicize priest-perpetrators, and, of course, the serial promotions of former Cardinal Theodore McCarrick. Alas, Weigel again displays he has no such intellectual integrity.
You could have a field day comparing what Weigel wrote then about the relationship of national bishops’ conferences to Roman authorities to what he writes now. “What conceivable meaning of ‘synodality’ or ‘collegiality’ includes an autocratic Roman intervention in the affairs of a national bishops’ conference that knows its own situation far better than the Roman authorities do?” he asks now. I do not recall him asking a question like this during the 27 long years of his hero’s reign, do you?
Or this: “Honest disagreements — about, say, Amoris Laetitia and its implications for doctrine and pastoral practice — are one thing. A systematic distortion of reality, which tramples on the presumption of an opponent’s good will that should guide any internal Catholic debate, is quite another.” After the publication of, say, Veritatis Splendor in 1993, was there an affirmation of “honest disagreements” coming from Weigel and his ilk?
If irony were gold, Weigel would be a rich man in this pontificate of Francis. But this kind of intellectual — and moral — whiplash is unbecoming and unserious. If he has had a conversion, let him explain his conversion. Otherwise, his writings are mere evidence of hypocrisy.