Since Pope Benedict’s announcement last week that he’ll be
stepping down as Supreme Pontiff, there has been some discussion in the
Catholic blogosphere and elsewhere about whether it is most appropriate to say
the pope “resigned,” “renounced,” or even “abdicated” his office. For example,
on the day of the announcement, George Weigel told NBC News he thought “abdicate”
would be a better word: “A resignation is something that someone hands to
someone else. Popes have no one to resign to, so this is an abdication.”
Bishop Thomas Paprocki of Springfield, Illinois, who has a
doctorate in canon law and who serves on the USCCB’s Committee on Canonical
Affairs and Church Governance, has weighed in on the discussion; on her blog, Pia de Solenni has posted some remarks from Bishop Paprocki on the
terminology of when a pope steps down:
The official English translation of the Code of Canon Law translates “renuntiatio” in canon 332, §2 as
“resignation.” (“If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it
is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly
manifested, but not that it be accepted by anyone.” In Latin: “Si contingat ut Romanus Pontifex muneri suo renuntiet, ad validitatem
requiritur ut renuntiatio libere fiat et rite manifestetur, non vero ut a
quopiam acceptetur.”)
Accordingly,
I believe “resign” is a more accurate translation in this context than
“renounce” and certainly not “abdicate” (a term used by royalty when a monarch
steps down from the throne). It does seem odd that someone could resign without
submitting that resignation to anyone, so the canon specifically addresses that
question by saying that for validity it is required that the resignation must
be “made freely and properly manifested, but not that it be accepted by
anyone.”
Although
“renounce” has been used even in the Holy See’s translation of his announcement
and letter of resignation, I think that “renounce” is a literal but not
necessarily accurate translation of “renuntio”
in this context. Since the Pope wrote and spoke in Latin, it is a question of
translation. Parallel passages in canon law regarding bishops and pastors
stepping down from office use the word “renuntiatio,”
but we never speak of a bishop sending in his letter of “renunciation” when he
turns 75 or a pastor “renouncing” his office. So my interpretation as a canon
lawyer is that “resignation” is the proper translation of “renuntiatio” in this context.
Bishop Paprocki also has some thoughts on what the Holy
Father will be known as once he leaves office:
Of course, it would be best to know what Pope Benedict himself
wants to be called after February 28 and I hope he will tell us. We can get
some idea of that from the name under which his books about Jesus of Nazareth
have been published: “Joseph Ratzinger – Pope Benedict XVI.” In his forward to
the first volume, he made it clear that “this book is in no way an exercise of
the magisterium, but solely an expression of my personal search ‘for the face
of the Lord’ (Cf. Ps 27:8).” So, writing in his personal capacity and not as
Supreme Pontiff, he called himself, “Joseph Ratzinger – Pope Benedict XVI.”
Some have
suggested that he should return to being “Cardinal Ratzinger.” That does not
seem correct. If he had resigned before reaching the age of 80, after which a
Cardinal may no longer vote in a papal conclave, I do not think he would have,
should have or could have donned a red cassock and entered the conclave in the
Sistine Chapel to vote for his successor.
Instead, at
8:00 PM Rome time on February 28, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI will have a new
identity to which we will have to become accustomed: His Holiness, Joseph
Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI, former Roman/Supreme Pontiff, Bishop Emeritus of
Rome.