Pope Francis speaks in St. Peter’s Square Oct. 15, 2022. / Daniel Ibanez/CNA
Rome Newsroom, Nov 22, 2022 / 12:30 pm (CNA).
Why did Pope Francis dismiss the entire leadership of the Church’s worldwide charity arm Tuesday?
What role will Pier Francesco Pinelli play as temporary administrator of Caritas Internationalis, appointed by papal decree on Nov. 22?
A key date to understanding the move and how it aligns with the pope’s broader reforms is Oct. 15, 2022.
On that day, Pope Francis received in audience at the Vatican Father Giacomo Canobbio and delegates of Bain Capital. The financial investment firm is where Pinelli previously worked. And Canobbio is the priest who, without announcement, was appointed by Pope Francis to the role of commissioner of the Pontifical Lateran University.
Both appointments are typical for the pontiff and his preferred modus operandi: Pope Francis sends an inspection or appoints a commissioner whenever he wants to reform something.
The papacy of commissioners
There were no apparent reasons for appointing a commissioner to Caritas Internationalis — just as there were no apparent reasons for appointing a commissioner at the Pontifical Lateran University.
However, Pope Francis has previously ordered a number of inspections.
Bishop Claudio Maniago was made the inspector of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, after which the pope appointed Archbishop Arthur Roche as prefect of the dicastery. Next, Bishop Egidio Miragoli inspected the Congregation of the Clergy, which was still in progress when the pope appointed the Korean bishop Lazzaro You Heung-sik — later created cardinal— as prefect of the dicastery.
At the beginning of his pontificate, Pope Francis appointed several commissions.
One such body was the commission of reference on the administrative-economic structures of the Holy See, known by its Italian acronym COSEA. Another was CRIOR, the commission for studying the Institute of Works of Religion reform, commonly known as the Vatican Bank.
Their work, once completed, resulted in the extensive overhaul of the Vatican’s financial departments and the new Institute of Works of Religion statutes, promulgated in 2019.
However, the appointment of a commissioner in Caritas Internationalis has another clear precedent: the inspection of the Dicastery for the Promotion of Integral Human Development.
The inspection took place in July 2021 and was led by Cardinal Blase Cupich, the archbishop of Chicago. The team also included Sister Helen Alford, vice-rector of the Pontifical Angelicum University, an ordinary member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences; and Pinelli, the new administrator of Caritas Internationalis.
Pinelli’s profile
A trained engineer and experienced manager, Pinelli has worked with several institutions as well as a consultant for management and investment firms.
According to Vatican rumors not officially confirmed but provided to CNA from multiple sources, Pinelli was also involved in restructuring what is now the Dicastery for Integral Human Development.
A press release from the dicastery said Pinelli was an engineer “with a more humanist than technical way of proceeding” and that he was “formed in Ignatian spirituality,” a man who “from an early age was active as a volunteer working with recovering drugs addicts, in development cooperation, support for missionary works, and catechesis.” The statement also noted that he is married with three children and three grandchildren.
The release also emphasized that “in 33 years of work,” Pinelli had gained managerial experience in different sectors, including a large energy company.
Having worked both as a project manager for energy companies and as a management consultant for Bain, Pinelli also has experience working with religious and secular works and institutions, according to the release.
Obviously, his formation and positions in some Jesuit institutions may have played a role. It seems likely that Cardinal Michael Czerny, SJ, the current prefect of the dicastery, had a word in involving him and others.
However, it is still hard to assess which issues are at stake. It seems clear that the pope wants to reform Caritas Internationalis, including its statutes and bylaws.
Founded in 1951, the Catholic confederation is made up of 162 charitable organizations based in 200 countries around the world. Its headquarters are located on Vatican territory in Rome, and the Vatican oversees its activity.
According to Czerny’s dicastery, “no evidence emerged of financial mismanagement or sexual impropriety”; however, “deficiencies were noted in management and procedures, seriously prejudicing team spirit and staff morale.”
Pinelli’s task
The reform of the statutes will be the first task of the new commissioner.
Pinelli will be assisted by Maria Amparo Alonso Escobar, Caritas Internationalis’ head of advocacy, and by Jesuit Father Manuel Morujão, who will provide personal and spiritual accompaniment to Caritas employees, according to Pope Francis’ decree.
In May 2023, the next Caritas Internationalis general assembly is expected to be held in Rome, with the appointment of the new president, general secretary, and treasurer. By then, the reform process will likely be completed.
Caritas Internationalis will undergo a review “in order to improve its management norms and procedures — even while financial matters have been well-handled and fundraising goals regularly achieved — and so better to serve its member charitable organizations around the world.”
However, a reform of the statutes already took place in 2019 and was approved by the pope with a rescript of Jan. 13, 2020.
As for the change of the statutes of Caritas Internationalis, it was simply a matter of passing the competencies from the Pontifical Council Cor Unum, which no longer exists, to the Dicastery for the Promotion of Integral Human Development, which has absorbed its functions.
As for the rules of procedure, these changes were not communicated. But they generally accepted some of the requests approved by the Caritas General Assembly, which envisaged encouraging the presence of women within the highest representative bodies and including two young people in the same representative bodies.
In particular, there was talk of the Representative Council of the federation, abbreviated with the name RE.CO., the acronym for Representative Council. These indications have now been implemented and will become operational.
The structure of Caritas Internationalis was thus “adjusted” and adapted to the reform of the Curia.
However, the statutes of Caritas Internationalis remained confirmed in the structure as Pope Benedict XVI reformed them in 2012. Those statutes strengthened the collaboration between Caritas Internationalis and the Holy See and clearly outlined the competencies of the Vatican Secretariat of State.
Not only that: the new structure of Caritas Internationalis gave greater coordination to departments and bodies connected to the Holy See, which also concerned doctrinal aspects.
The rationale behind Benedict XVI’s reform
It is noteworthy that the 2012 reform was part of a more extensive project by Benedict XVI to accomplish Pastor Bonus’s provisions fully.
Pastor Bonus was the apostolic constitution that regulated the functions and tasks of the Curia offices, and Praedicate Evangelium now replaces that.
However, the reform came after a governance crisis. In 2011, the Secretariat of State did not approve the renomination of the former secretary general, Lesley-Anne Knight. (However, her work was praised by the president of Caritas Internationalis at the time, Cardinal Oscar Andrés Rodriguez Maradiaga.) As a result, she was replaced by Michel Roy, a Frenchman who worked with Secours Catholique — the Caritas in France.
Knight’s non-confirmation also stemmed from the new approach given with the subsequent reform of Caritas Internationalis.
It was an approach that derived from the formulation of Benedict XVI’s encyclical Caritas in Veritate. In the encyclical, Benedict XVI stressed that human development and foreign aid could not be separated from the demand for truth. The encyclical also pointed to the fact that many international organizations were promoting abortion, contraception, sterilization, and euthanasia.
This was an approach that Knight did not fully share, as she publicly explained to the media at the time.
While some approved of Knight’s departure, others were disappointed. Despite a robust generational change in Caritas Internationalis in recent years, these divisive feelings may have lingered in the background and fueled some complaints about “management and procedures.”
What will the new reform look like?
The tone of the dicastery’s press release suggests that the reform will be more managerial. But, above all, it is a substantial change in philosophy from the reform of Benedict XVI.
In short, it could be another paradigm shift by Pope Francis, comparable to some degree to his restrictions of the Traditional Latin Mass.
From this point of view, Pope Francis has identified several people to help complete his changes to the Church’s structure.
In carrying out the reform, the pope does not hesitate to demote someone like Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle, current president of Caritas, who now finds himself mandated to “liaise” with Pinelli and his staff for the upcoming general assembly.
Tagle was rumored to be appointed the next prefect of the Dicastery of Bishops. Even if these rumors were to be confirmed, Tagle’s public image has now been compromised by the Caritas decision. This will also weigh in a future conclave.
Pope Francis, however, is completing his goals. As he said in one of his homilies in the days of the COVID-19 lockdown of 2020 — and also in a meeting with the Candia Foundation in April — he remains critical of humanitarian organizations that do good work but spend 60% of their budget on wages. The pope called on them to keep costs to a minimum, “so that most of the money goes to the people.”
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At least do not use the Virgin Mary as a “bridge” to other religions, as is now sometimes done in some Catholic circles. A hadith of the religion of peace tells the faithful that the Prophet will marry and deflower the Virgin Mary in Paradise. See the details on this belief of the religion of peace below in an article by scholar R. Ibrahim. So, yes, the religion of peace has a high regard for the Virgin Mary, but not in the way Christians do. See
Is Mary a Bridge between Islam and Christianity?
https://www.raymondibrahim.com/2024/09/23/is-mary-a-bridge-between-islam-and-christianity/
As in your link—thank you—the Islamic angle calls for greater clarity than is provided by pretending to reconcile the chasm between Christian faith and natural religion only with fraternity.
Two further points:
FIRST, the Qur’an redefines the Triune One as a sort of pagan triad—the Father, the Son—and Mary. “How can He have a son as He has no consort?” (Q 6:101/ 102)? Heterogenous Islam is monotheistic but still views Christianity through the compound eyes of paganism.
SECOND, the link reports that Muhammad will wed Mary in Paradise. Surely so, since Islam replaces the eternal Christ with the Qur’an, and then the “uncreated” Qur’an has the prophet Christ foretelling the coming of only Muhammad—and not the Holy Spirit.
Under Islam, the Holy Spirit does not exist/subsist. Instead, the Holy Spirit is the accidental fiction of non-Islamic scribes under whom the Greek term “Paraclete” is ineptly substituted for the Islamic term “periclyte”—which translated from Arabic is another term for Ahmad and which, in turn, is another term for Muhammad. So, clearly, rather than Christ becoming incarnate in Mary under the cloud of the Holy Spirit who later descends at Pentecost, instead, the prophet Christ foretells another prophet Muhammad, and Mary will become Muhammad’s bride in a flat-universe Paradise according to foggy of Islamic and circular “scholarship” (see Abdullah Yusuf Ali, “The Holy Qur’an: Text, Translation and Commentary” [Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1983/1938], Q 7:157, fn. 1127,p.388).
THIRD, blending, confusing and adulterating the supernatural within the natural, Islam simply abhors the reasoned distinctions of which the human mind is capable. A lay theologian paints a broad portrait:
“Islam has not wanted to choose between Heaven and Earth. It proposed instead a blending of heaven and earth, sex and mysticism, war and proselytism, conquest and apostolate. In more general terms, Islam proposed a blending of the spiritual and the temporal worlds which neither in Islam nor among the pagans have ever been divided” (Jean Guitton, “Great Heresies and Church Councils,” 1965, p. 116).
SUMMARY: As Theotokos, Mary’s fiat is the bridge between unredeemed humanity and the incomprehensible immensity of the Triune One; NOT between the supernatural “faith” of Christians and, yes, monotheistic “belief” as cobbled into the natural religion of Islam.
It must be understood that Islam is a voluntaristic construct. In this regard, the Quranic version of the Annunciation neglects Mary’s response entirely, because Allah can do whatever he wants with his creatures. Muslims, therefore, believe in the Virgin birth, but not because of Mary’s acquiescence (which Muhammed believed to be irrelevant) but because Allah is free to show his power without regard to the freedom of creatures. Quran 3:47 states “Maryam expressed astonishment, asking, ‘How can I have a child when no man has touched me and I have not been unchaste?’ to which the angel replied that God creates what He wills, and when He decrees a matter, He only says, ‘Be,’ and it is.”
When I highlighted this difference (between the Lucan and Quranic accounts, particularly Our Lady’s fiat) at a talk I gave at Yale, I was shouted vociferously down by the Muslims in the room. We cannot assume their “love for Mary/Maryam” has anything to do with her agency. That she remained a virgin not as “singular vessel of devotion’ but that she might remain intact as a gift for Mo in the afterlife should make any sane Christian retch.
What, so now Ayatollah Ahmad Moballeghi has adopted the language and imagery of “bridge building”. This concept is getting so kicked around the place James Martin et al, it would be best for me to disavow working with it!
Mohammed would have declared such a thing to project into the afterlife the role of marriage in gaining power over underlings, in this case, letting everyone know that he was destined by his own claim by “first dibs” to reign over the prophet who would judge everyone in the end.
What he meant by “spirituality”.
Is this socio-emotive outlook-spirituality written into Amoris Laetitia?
Someone in CWR comboxes suggested that Mohammed was not a real individual but a fiction developed by some writer or writers to advance anti-Christ culture. Even were that so, the use of the “marry” image comes to the same thing. But to remark as well, if it is Mohammed were not real, the Church would affirm it.
Pope Francis already went and declared a brotherhood in Abu Dhabi without making distinctions respective to anything. If to begin with we want to be identifying what we mean at all by “One God”, making blanket-subjective-objective statements about other things will only complicate or stymie or undermine our own efforts -surely.
Similarly, some people try to direct attention to the word Fatima -as in our Lady of Fatima- and Mohammed’s daughter.
Our Lady at Fatima has demonstrated by the most obvious of manner, to everyone, what she is about, who she is and what is expected of her true children whom she already knows come only through the Spirit of the Crucified and Risen Lord.
Thank you for the learned comments, Peter D., and for citing the actual words in the holy book of the religion of peace. It is incomprehensible how the recent Popes, and the hierarchs of the CC in general, accept the god of the religion of peace as the same as that of Christians and embrace the religion of peace as being in the same category as Christianity.
In his also learned comments, Galy mentions the name Fatima as another erroneous “bridge” created by some Catholics. The area of Portugal named Fatima takes that name because it was conquered and colonized by the religion of peace for many centuries! Tradition has it that a Muslim princess in the area, named Fatima (a well-known Arabic name, and the name of one of the Prophet’s wives) fell in love with a Christian leader during the Christians’ Re-conquest of their land from the religion of peace and she converted to Christianity. The present-day Fatima area is named after her. For the history of the brutal conquest of Spain and the arduous and long Re-conquest of their land by the Christian warriors, see the book reviewed here:
https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/book-reviews/myth-of-the-andalusian-paradise
BTW, the Third Secret of Fatima may hold the key to why recent Popes and Catholic hierarchs act the way they do. See the learned analysis of the Third Secret in the Fatima Center and the analogous revelations by the Virgin’s apparition in Akita, Japan:
https://fatima.org/suppression-of-the-third-secret/
OUR LADY’S MESSAGE IN AKITA JAPAN:
https://schooloffaith.com/rosary-archive/akita
Jesus said in the next life they do not marry.
Mohammed directly contradicts the one he claims will judge everyone.
While Cdl Fernández and theologians mentioned may arrive at a suitable response to the title of Mary as co redemptrix, mediaeval theologians were using the terminology meruit de congruo regarding Mary’s assumed role as co redemptrix. Irenaeus during the 2nd century used weightier wording attributing causality by her obedience.
Although the later theology gained acceptance, Mary de congruo realized the title by her unique participation in salvation. Not by justice rather by her Son’s love for her. Only the Son is the unique savior, that is, de condigno, by right. Pius X has previously given approval of Mary’s title as co redemptrix de congruo in his encyclical Ad diem illum.
Whether the title will be acknowledged, it cannot be denied that the revelation of the Father in the humanness of the Son could not have occurred absent the cooperative assent of Mary.
Think costar or copilot. “Co” means “with”, not “equal to”.
Thanks for the heads up. Although De condigno [con meaning with digno, meaning by right] actually translates merit due to justice. As would be for God. Whereas De congruo translates congruous in English, which means in agreement or with harmony, not by necessity. As would be for God’s creature Mary.
Good analogy!, Outis
Oh boy…isn’t it simply wondrous and exciting that the celebrity-hierarch and psycho-sexually-absorbed author of “Heal Me With Your Mouth” will be contributing his personal deposit onto the magisterium…of The Blessed Mother?
Surely we are blessed to live in the anticipation of it all.
We read “with proponents calling for Mary’s role in redemption to be declared a dogma but critics saying it exaggerates her importance and could damage efforts for unity with other Christian denominations.” So Christian unity demands we make compromises with those who believe in error.
Francis said while Christians had always given Mary beautiful titles, it was important to remember that Christ is the only redeemer, and that Mary was entrusted to us “as a mother, not as a goddess, not as co-redeemer.”
Perfect example of how to gas light and insult Catholics at the same time.
Wrong answer. Francois Mauriac believed this would be a disaster. Are Trads going to get all excited about this title, so they will not mind losing the Latin Mass. Once again, Catholics arguing how many angels can dance on the head of a pin.
Mary as co-redemprrix, a new dogma for her, harms our faith among ourselves instead of enhancing it. As important, this quiet, loving mother of our Lord never asked for the over abundance of honors, devotions, titles, and names for her. We have been and continue to be accused of worshipping Mary, even as we insist we do do not. That is laughable to some others inside and outside of our faith who know otherwise from what has been seen and heard from Marian devotees. If we are being honest here among ourselves, we know this! Being careful of unintended consequences given the current chaotic and dangerous world is prudent/wise.
We honour Mary because God honoured her first. It’s a sad day in the church when the poison of Protestantism leaks in..
Hopefully this will discourage excessive marian piety and clear things up for the marian fanatics. There is a group at my parish that has taken it upon themselves to add “mediatrix of all graces” to the Hail Mary prayer after the words “mother of God” when they pray the rosary in church.
EWTN has an article about Mediatrix of All Graces:
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https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/teachings/mediatrix-of-all-graces-143
The members of the group you mention are clearly in the wrong and the pastor should put a stop to it immediately. They are not wrong because of “excessive marian (sic) piety” but because they change the words of the Ave Maria in the public praying of the Rosary. It’s important to understand this. As countless saints and the Magisterium have taught for two thousand years faithful Catholics cannot be excessive in their devotion to Our Lady. If they truly are excessive—that can only be determined by talking with them—they are not faithful to Catholicism. A faithful Catholic will have neither excessive nor inadequate devotion to the Mother of God. Both err. Those who have inadequate or no devotion to Mary are as much in error as those whose devotion is excessive. Saint Alphonsus Liguori, Doctoris Ecclesiae, said that it is morally impossible to be saved without devotion to Mary.
De Maria numquam satis.
In the Fall it wasn’t until Adam and Eve had both eaten of the forbidden fruit that their eyes were opened. Suggesting that Original Sin was a one flesh sin. Would not the redemption be a one flesh redemption? Adam was the priest of Eden. Jesus is the Eternal High Priest. We call Original Sin the sin of Adam, even though Adam and Eve had both sinned. The same could be said for our redemption. Jesus takes primacy in the redemption like Adam takes primacy in Original Sin. Adam failed in his priestly duties, whereas Christ fulfilled His priestly duties with His self sacrifice on the Cross. Remember Mary is known as Our Lady of Sorrows with her Seven Sorrows depicted as swords piercing her Immaculate Heart. Through her fiat and her Seven Sorrows Mary shared in Christ’s Passion and Death. We call Mary the Undoer of Knots, reversing Eve’s sin. Co-redemption could mean together or with and not necessarily equal.
An exceptionally lucid and Scripturally grounded reflection — one that beautifully restores the patristic sense of the ‘one flesh’ mystery in both the Fall and the Redemption. This vision, where Mary stands beside the New Adam as the New Eve, embodies the very kind of theological reasoning that deserves renewed attention today. It’s the sort of insight that can fruitfully underpin deeper reflection on the title of Co-Redemptrix, understood not as rivalry but as participation — the cooperation of the handmaid in the work of the High Priest. My sincere thanks for expressing it with such clarity and fidelity to the Fathers.
Laurels today belong with Fastiggi. GregB is only repeating what others have said many times before this century. Paolo Giosuè, it’s like you’re blowing your gaskets so you could go out and get new ones and have those put in, when to start with there was nothing wrong with the ones you had in there.
Or perhaps something was indeed wrong. Pope Francis has said “co-redemptrix” is discardable; you have to come to some overt reconciliation on that. See Nick above here, October 30, 2025 at 4:49 pm. Why did Pope Francis do such a thing when it was Paul VI who had made the call for deeper study?
Thank you, Elias. My reflections aim not to challenge the Magisterium but to explore, in continuity with Paul VI and John Paul II, the theological meaning of Marian cooperation in the work of Redemption.
As St. John Henry Newman—who, as Fr. Hermann Geissler recalled yesterday at the Gregorian University, is to be proclaimed Doctor of the Church—beautifully showed in his Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, authentic development always preserves its type, continues its principles, assimilates what is new without losing its essence, follows a logical sequence, anticipates its future, conserves its past, and shows enduring vitality.
Within this framework, the reflection on Co-Redemption seeks not innovation, but fidelity: a deepening of what the Church already believes about Mary’s unique cooperation in her Son’s redemptive act.
Sincerely,
Paolo Giosuè Gasparini
Understood kindly professor.
But what if the new document is going to position “harmonization” of many contradictions and conundrums already in process ….. in the name of the BVM and Newman-development. With Rahner thrown in for balance.
Well. It might even be worse than a series of catch-phrases.
Paolo Giosuè, allow another perspective for the moment now. Not directed at you or anybody, just generally speaking.
Speaking with an mind to avert temperamentality, innovation, challenge to Magisterium, distrust, self-serving, skepticism, incrementality, sensationalism and what have you -completely willing; what you say there is not resolving some of the conundrums we have been put into and that have been thrown upon everyone, through no plan of our own.
Newman echoes Vincent Lerins; but in present day real life some obvious problems persist insisting on their validity.
Further, let us imagine a taciturn individual meets a temperamental spiritual director priest: well then the relations happening for them easy or hard might have nothing to do with development of doctrine. Surely.
Here is the “temperamental” as sometimes used in English –
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/temperamental
AI Overview
“Temperamental” means a person or thing is prone to sudden, unpredictable changes in mood or behavior. For a person, it describes someone who is moody, irritable, and easily upset. When applied to a machine or object, it means it is unreliable and doesn’t always work correctly.
For people
Moody and irritable: Someone who has frequent and sudden mood swings.
Unpredictable: Their emotional reactions may be out of proportion to the situation.
Examples: A “temperamental” artist might have erratic behavior, or a “temperamental” person may be difficult to deal with because of their unpredictable nature.
For objects, machines, or systems
Unreliable: An object that doesn’t always work as it should.
Erratic or unpredictable: A machine that sometimes works and sometimes doesn’t.
Examples: An old car that breaks down frequently, or a temperamental computer that has unpredictable performance.
Thanks. My views on Mary’s role in redemption are part of my mystical analysis of the lives of Jesus and Mary that have striking parallels.
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Based on contemplative formation the normal progression of the mystic is to start with purgation with the endpoint being the prayer of union. In the lives of both Jesus and Mary there is a mirror image of this progression. The Incarnation is a Prayer of Union between the Holy Spirit and Mary where Jesus as Son of God enters into the perfect Union of His Hypostatic Union. Mary need to be sin free to give herself in a pure fiat at the Annunciation in order for the Incarnation to be a supreme act of pure love and union between Jesus, Mary, and the Holy Spirit. Sin would have made the Incarnation an act of domination and conquest and not a loving act. Both Jesus and Mary are in the state of Original Righteousness that they never lost. To me before the Fall Adam and Eve were soulmates, two hearts beating as one. A relationship that was broken by Original Sin and the loss of Original Righteousness. The special relationship between the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart of Mary is based on their intact relationship with God.
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From the Annunciation/Incarnation Jesus and Mary’s lives follow a path that ends in the Purgation of Christ’s perfect offering on the Cross. Starting in union and ending in purgation, Christ on the Cross and Mary at the foot of the Cross. They both live lives that are the mirror image of normal contemplative formation. It is the Cross that defines both of their lives in mortal flesh. This agrees fully with the way that Mary received the Immaculate Conception in the same mirror image process. A mystical life lived backwards with the Cross as the point of origin. Mary filled up in her own flesh what was lacking in the offering of Christ on the Cross. What was lacking was her response to Christ’s sacrificial offering on the Cross. Christ did His part, Mary did her part, we have to do ours by how we respond to His offering of Himself on the Cross.
The fact that, almost half a year into his papacy, the current Pope has not replaced the head of the Congregation (Dicastery) for the Doctrine of the Faith is unfortunately very telling.
Perhaps he is not rash, D.K!
Fr. Paolo Siano, an Italian priest, has noted that it was actually Leo XIII who first gave magisterial approval to the Marian title coredemptrix. On July 18, 1885, Pope Leo XIII approved a prayer of praises (laudes) to Jesus and Mary with an indulgence of 100 days granted by the Congregation for Indulgences and Sacred Relics. In the Italian version of the praises to Mary, she is referred to as “coredemptrix of the world” (corredentrice del mondo). In the Latin version, she is referred to as the “mundo redimendo coadiutrix). Leo XIII approved both the Italian and Latin versions of the prayer (Acta Sanctae Sedis [ASS] 18 [1885] p. 93).
I say that Pachamama is the Mediatrix of all graces. There, you have it.
With all my talk about marriages and wives I made a mistake: Fatima was not one of the Prophet many wives or concubines but one of his daughters. Here is another review of the book on the brutal conquest and domination of Spain by the religion of peace and the Christian warriors long effort to re-conquer their land.
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1990&context=ccr