“The hymn to
Christ, or, more commonly, the ‘Christological hymn’ (Philippians 2:4-9)
is a hymn in which all attention is focused on the ‘mind’ of Christ, that is, on his way of thinking and on his practical approach to life.”
— Pope Benedict XVI, General Audience, June 27, 2012.
“Human logic often seeks self-fulfillment in power, in domination, in
forceful means. Man still wants to build the Tower of Babel with his
own efforts, to reach God’s height by himself, to be like God.”
— Pope Benedict XVI, General Audience, June 27, 2012.
I.
The fact that a quarter of the General Catechism is devoted
to prayer has always impressed me. Likewise, this year’s papal audiences
are devoted to prayer. Surely, some will insist, this is too much. Like
the money spent on oils to anoint Christ’s feet, could they not have
found better use, say, in helping the poor? The basic Christian response
to this oft-heard remark is this: It is highly unlikely that anyone
will help someone else, or even his best self, if he does not pray. Why
is this so?
The basic answer at the heart of all human issues is how we stand to
God. If we put God first, and not ourselves, we will love others, make
their lives ours. If we put ourselves first, we will repeat the history
of humanity, which fashions our relations to others in terms of power
and struggle, intent on protecting oneself, not in giving oneself.
According to St. Paul, joy is the basic effect of our faith. Our
faith is in the example of Christ, including His cross. When Paul
thought of these things, he was in prison, probably in Rome. There, he
expected no alternative but death. It is in this context that the
“Christological hymn” of Philippians revealed “the ‘mind’ of Christ.”
This mind teaches us how to think and a “practical approach to life.”
If we look at this mind of Christ in Philippians, Benedict tells us,
it reveals “love, generosity, humility, obedience to God, the gift of
self.” It involves a whole way of life and thinking about reality. In
this sense, “prayers must lead Christians to knowledge and union in ever
deeper love with the Lord, if they are to be able to think, act and
love like him…. Putting this into practice, learning the sentiments of
Jesus, is the way of Christian life.”
The “way” of the Christian life is summarized in this Pauline hymn.
It shows “the entire divine and human itinerary of the Son of God and
englobes the whole of human history from being in the form of God to the
Incarnation, to death on the Cross and to exaltation in the Father’s
glory; the behavior of Adam, of man, is also implicit from the start.”
This is a remarkable passage.
The understanding of the Son of God—his being and presence within
creation—is what explains human history. Over against this history of
God’s presence in the world is man’s effort to reject it. This negative
relation to God follows from the use of our free will to find reasons
why God’s order is not accepted as human order.
Christ was in the “form” of God. He was true God and man. This “being
God” did not, however, prevent Him from going out of Himself. God’s
“being God” is not seen as a “triumph” or a “supremacy.” Right away, we
distinguish God’s being and nature from our own. Christ “stripped”
Himself and took on the form of a “slave.” Why did He do this? “To
behave as a servant totally dedicated to serving others.” Thus the
purpose of God’s coming out of Himself in the Incarnation was to teach
us how God acts and expects us to act.
Jesus “humbled” Himself. He was obedient to His Father’s will.”
Benedicts cites Cicero as saying that crucifixion is the “most degrading
kind of death.” Here Christ attained the “greatest degree of
humiliation.” This is not simply humiliation for humiliation’s sake.
Rather it is to show the way that God teaches us about His own love,
both of Christ and of us. “Through the Cross of Christ, man is redeemed
and Adam’s experience is reversed.”
II.
What was Adam’s experience? And why was this reversal needed? “Adam,
created in the image and likeness of God, claimed to be like God through
his own effort, to put himself in God’s place and in this way lost the
original dignity that had been given to him.” Adam’s sin became the
paradigm of all sin, great and small. All human sin still follows the
same model. It implicitly rejects the love that God gives us and invites
us to imitate, a sacrificial love for others. It replaces this love by
our own definition of what we want to do and love, now disguised as what
“ought” to be done by everyone. Man thus lost “the original dignity”
that had been given to him.
Christ, though in the “form” of God, humbled Himself. He did this to
show that Adam’s example was not correct for us. We still have some of
this “Adam in us.” His “disobedience” needs to be replaced by Christ’s
obedience. We are to copy His humbling of Himself. Prayer means
precisely “to open our mind, our heart and our will to the action of the
Holy Spirit to enter into this dynamic of life.”
“Human logic often seeks self-fulfillment in power, in domination, in
forceful means. Man still wants to build the Tower of Babel with his
own efforts, to reach God’s heights by himself, to be like God.” This
passage is not a critique of “logic” as such. Logic is itself a good
thing. But we are aware of the rational steps that press on from our
first operative principle, that we want to rule ourselves for our own
ends. We conclude that we build our own ethic and politics. They depend
on nothing but our chosen end. There is “logic” of disorder and
rejection of the good.
In the plan of God, however, that is implicit in this Pauline hymn,
“the Incarnation and the Cross remind us that complete fulfillment is
found by conforming our human will to the will of the Father. We are to
empty ourselves of our selfishness, to fill ourselves with God’s love,
with his charity, and thereby become capable of truly loving others.”
Thus, the whole point of the human drama is that we be able to receive
and live the love that is manifest in the Godhead, in the Trinitarian
life, as it is manifest in the life of Christ.
“Man does not find himself by remaining closed in on himself, by
affirming himself. Man finds himself only by coming out of himself….”
Logically, to “come out of ourselves” means that we see and love what is
not ourselves. This is the great divine gift. The inner love of the
Godhead by being itself also is creative and, if necessary, redemptive.
It is good for man to be, but it is not good for him to be alone.
“And if Adam wanted to imitate God, this was not a bad thing in
itself but he had the wrong idea of God.” This is why having the right
idea of God is so significant, why idolatry in any form—of statues,
laws, polities, or other beings—is so contrary of what we are given to
be. “God is not someone who only wants greatness. God is love which was
already given in the Trinity and was then given to the Creation. And
imitating God means coming out of oneself, giving oneself in love.” When
I read passages like these in Benedict, I sometimes think that his
great legacy will be to teach us nothing less than that Deus Caritas Est, as he entitled his first encyclical.
III.
The second part of Paul’s hymn reminds us of two things. The first is
that Christ is the “Lord,” the word used for God in the Old Testament.
We speak now of the Father who bestows this title on Christ, true man,
because of His obedience. The Jesus who is exalted and the Jesus of the
Last Supper are the same. There, Christ washed the feet of the Apostles.
When He finished, He quizzed them. “Do you know what I have done?” He
also identified Himself as their “Teacher.” They are to follow His
teaching and example. “Loving is God’s essence.” This is the power that
purifies man.
We need a “scale of values” that is the Lord’s, not ours. Prayer is
designed to make us aware of this priority. We also show our
understanding of God by kneeling and genuflecting. “Every knee shall
bow.” The pope is not impressed by churches in which no one kneels or
those in which we never see genuflections, or in which we have to look
all over to find the Blessed Sacrament. “Genuflection or kneeling in
prayer before the Blessed Sacrament exactly expresses the attitude of
adoration in God’s presence and also with the body. Hence the importance
of not doing this action out of habit or hastily but rather with
profound awareness. When we kneel before the Lord, we profess our faith
in him; we recognize that he is the one Lord of our life.”
In the end, the “mind” of Christ does not follow “human logic” to
find power and rule to be its end. Rather it follows Christ who though
in the form of God, took on that of a slave in order that He might teach
and restore the original love in which we were created. It is a love
that goes out of itself in the way the love of God within the Trinity
went out of itself. We do not find ourselves by finding ourselves. We
find ourselves by finding Him who first loved us and gave us to
ourselves. We pray for ourselves, not to ourselves. We
are born and saved because of others have first loved us. This is both a
plan of life and the subject of our constant prayer.